1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
	; The ruins of the Christian quarter of Damascus in 1860
Date	23 May – 11 July 1860
Location	Mount Lebanon, Beqaa Valley, Galilee and Damascus, Ottoman Empire
Result	Initial Druze military victory; Massacres of Christians in Mount Lebanon and Damascus; French military intervention;
Belligerents
Maronites and allies Rural Maronite militiamen; Zahalni militiamen; Shihab dynasty; Supported by: ; French expeditionary forces;	Rural Druze clans Abu Nakad clan; Imad clan; Talhuq clan; Jumblatt clan; Supported by: ; al-Atrash clan; Harfush clan; Rural Sunni and Shia Muslim militiamen; Sardiyah tribe; Ottoman government;
Commanders and leaders
Youssef Bey Karam; Tanyus Shahin; Yusuf al-Shantiri; Abdallah Abu Khatir; Yusuf al-Mubayyad; Abu Samra al-Ghanim;	Sa'id Jumblatt; Khattar Imad; Ali Imad †; Qasim Imad; Bashir Nakad; Kenj Ahmad; Hasan Agha al-Tawil; Isma'il al-Atrash;
Strength
c. 50,000 (claimed)	c. 12,000 (Druze)
Casualties and losses
	Mount Lebanon: 12,000 Christians and Druze fighters and civilians killed (10,000 of which Christians); Damascus: 12,000 people, mostly Christian civilians, killed;

The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, also known as the 1860 Syrian Civil War and the 1860 Christian–Druze war, was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians.^[4] Following decisive Druze victories and massacres against the Christians, the conflict spilled over into other parts of Ottoman Syria, particularly Damascus, where thousands of Christian residents were killed by Druze militiamen. The fighting precipitated a French-led international military intervention.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c Fawaz, 1994, p. 226.
^ Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1995). Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris & Company. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-86064-028-5.
^ "Lebanon - Religious Conflicts". 2016-11-03. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
^ "The Civil War in Syria". The New York Times. 21 July 1860. Retrieved 9 April 2018.

[Fawaz226-1] Fawaz, 1994, p. 226.

[LT-2] Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1995). Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris & Company. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-86064-028-5.

[LT2-3] "Lebanon - Religious Conflicts". 2016-11-03. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-30.

[4] "The Civil War in Syria". The New York Times. 21 July 1860. Retrieved 9 April 2018.

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