 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 County and Independent City Results
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
| Elections in Virginia |
|---|
 |
The 1960 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1960. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The Republican ticket of then-Vice President Richard Nixon of California and running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. comfortably carried Virginia over the Democratic ticket of U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and Lyndon B. Johnson, even while Kennedy narrowly prevailed nationally. In the process, Kennedy became the first Democrat to ever win the presidency without carrying the state.
For six decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[1] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia’s electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[1]
This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[2] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats,[3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver,[4] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party[3] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.[5]
In 1928, the GOP did carry the state’s presidential electoral votes due to anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Chesapeake Bay region and increased middle-class Republicanism in the cities,[6] but it was 1952 before any real changes occurred, as in-migration from the traditionally Republican Northeast[7] meant that growing Washington, D.C., and Richmond suburbs would turn Republican not just in presidential elections but also in Congressional ones,[8] although the Republicans would not make significant gains in the state legislature. Opposition to the black civil rights legislation of Harry S. Truman meant that the Byrd Organization did not support Adlai Stevenson II,[9] with the result that Dwight D. Eisenhower carried the state aided by defections of the Southside Thurmond vote from 1948.[10] In 1956, Eisenhower repeated his win despite losing his Southside support due to the President’s opposition to Byrd’s “Massive Resistance” policy following Brown v. Board of Education,[11] as continuing Northern in-migration and a rapid swing to him of the modest but growing number of black voters allowed him to maintain his margin.[12]
In the following years, continuing “Massive Resistance” weakened the GOP in Virginia, as they could not develop a consistent or coherent response: Ted Dalton, who had received 45 percent of the vote in 1953 running against the Byrd Organization, won only 36 percent as his policy of “token integration” was drowned out by the state Democrats.[13]
Although Byrd again refused to endorse Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy, his former ally before the end of “Massive Resistance”, Governor J. Lindsay Almond, strongly endorsed the Massachusetts Senator against the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon.[14]
- ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
- ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
- ^ a b Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN 1107158435.
- ^ Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 193, 219. ISBN 0870000586.
- ^ Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
- ^ Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 357. ISBN 0813927692.
- ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742552098.
- ^ Ely, James W. (1976). The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: the Byrd Organization and the Politics of Massive Resistance. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p. 16. ISBN 0870491881.
- ^ Strong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952". The Journal of Politics. 17 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 343–389.
- ^ See Wilhoit, Francis M. (1973). The politics of massive resistance. p. 147. ISBN 0807607002.
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, p. 100
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 103-108
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 125-126