1978 Qom protest

1978 Qom protests
Part of Iranian Revolution
Date9 January 1978
Location
Qom, Iran
Caused byPublication of an article in Ettela'at insulting Imam Khomeini[1]
MethodsDemonstration
Resulted incountrywide demonstrations and strikes, subsequently leading to the Iranian Revolution
Casualties
Death(s)5–300[2] (40–200[3])

The 1978 Qom protest (Persian: تظاهرات ۱۹ دی قم) was a demonstration against the Pahlavi dynasty ignited by the Iran and Red and Black Colonization article published on 7 January 1978 in Ettela'at newspaper, one of the two publications with the largest circulation in Iran.[1] The article insulted Khomeini,[2] who later founded the Islamic Republic of Iran,[4] describing him as an Indian Sayyed.

The events started on 7 January 1978, followed by the closing of bazaars and seminaries, with students rallying towards the homes of religious leaders on the next day.[2] On 9 January 1978, seminary students and others held a demonstration in the city, which faced a crackdown by the Shah's security forces, who used live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent.[3] Between 5 and 300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest.[2] 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom.[5][6]

  1. ^ a b Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97187-8. OL 9661143M.
  2. ^ a b c d Kurzman, Charles (2003). "The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978". Social Science History. 27 (3): 287–325. doi:10.1017/S0145553200012554. ISSN 1527-8034. S2CID 144804416. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Keddie, Nikki R.; Richard, Yann (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780300121056. OL 9866586M. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  5. ^ Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran. Routledge. ISBN 9781317605829. OL 33567239M.
  6. ^ Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-94406-7. OL 27764279M.