29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
Traditional Chinese欽定藏內善後章程二十九條
Simplified Chinese钦定藏内善後章程二十九条
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQīndìng Zàng nèi shànhòu zhāngchéng èrshíjiǔ tiáo

The 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese: 欽定藏內善後章程二十九條[1]), also called twenty-nine-article Imperial Ordinance,[2][3] was an imperial decree concerning the governance of Tibet that was supposedly issued by the Qianlong Emperor of China's Qing dynasty in 1793.[4][5] Article 1 stated that the purpose of the Golden Urn was to ensure the prosperity of Gelug, and to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process.[6] Article 12 stated that relatives of the Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama must not hold government positions, or participate in political affairs.[7]

There were three versions in the Tibetan language, and the original was not found. The corresponding text in Chinese was not listed as 29 articles, but parts and parcels of it were seen in various memorials to the throne and decrees.[8][9]

In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor published The Discourse of Lama that described the history of lamas and the reincarnation system. In it he described how the Golden Urn system was invented and said it would be a more fair mechanism of selecting the Dalai Lama than choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision. It is also used to eliminate greedy family with multiple reincarnated rinpoches and lamas.[10][11]

  1. ^ "欽定藏內善後章程/欽定藏內善後章程二十九條". zh.wikisource.org.
  2. ^ "Did Tibet Become an Independent Country after the Revolution of 1911?". Embassy of The People's Republic of China in The Kingdom of Thailand.
  3. ^ Schwieger, Peter (March 31, 2015). The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: A Political History of the Tibetan Institution of Reincarnation. Columbia University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780231538602.
  4. ^ Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.
  5. ^ Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
  6. ^ 皇帝為了黃教的興隆，和不使護法弄假作弊
  7. ^ 達賴喇嘛和班禪額爾德尼周圍的隨從官員，過去都是他們的親屬，如達賴喇嘛的叔父和班禪額爾德尼的父親班丹團主，都是私人升任，又如達賴喇嘛之胞兄洛桑格登主巴，依仗勢力多行不法。今後應依西藏各階層及扎什倫布僧俗人民之願望，在達賴喇嘛和班禪額爾德尼在世時，其親屬人員不准參預政事。達賴、班禪圓寂後，如果還有親屬，可以根據他們的技能給予適當的職務。
  8. ^ "张云：钦定藏内善后章程二十九条的形成与版本问题" [The compilation and versions of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  9. ^ "藏文《水牛年文书》和《新订章程二十九条》探析" [A Study of Tibetan Documents of the Water-Ox year and 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. 西藏研究 (in Chinese) (3). 1993 – via tibet.cn.
  10. ^ "御制《喇嘛说》碑 - - 活佛转世数字馆". www.livingbuddha.cn.
  11. ^ "乾隆皇帝的《喇嘛说》碑文". www.douban.com.