3HO

3HO
Abbreviation3HO
Formation13 July 1969 (55 years ago) (1969-07-13) Los Angeles, United States
FounderYogi Bhajan
TypeReligious organisation
HeadquartersEspanola, New Mexico
OriginsKundalini Yoga
Area served
Worldwide
AffiliationsSikh Dharma International, Yogi Tea, Akal Security
Websitewww.3ho.org

3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), also known as Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere or Sikh Dharma International, is a controversial[failed verification] American organization founded in 1969 by Harbhajan Singh Khalsa, also called "Yogi Bhajan".[1][2][3][4][5] Its adherents are popularly referred to as the Sikh Dharma Brotherhood.[4] While referred to as the 3HO movement, "3HO" is strictly speaking the name only of the movement's educational branch.[2][5] Scholars have defined 3HO as a new religious movement.[6][7]

  1. ^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-19-106277-3.
  2. ^ a b Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
  3. ^ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 8, 358, 515–522. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7.
  4. ^ a b Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-1-4381-0647-2.
  5. ^ a b Opinderjit Kaur Takhar (2016). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–168. ISBN 978-1-351-90010-2.
  6. ^ Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0810861947
  7. ^ Lewis, James R., ed. (2011). Violence and New Religious Movements. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-19-973563-1.