412 BC epidemic

The 412 BC epidemic of an unknown disease, often identified as influenza,[1][2][3] was reported in Northern Greece by Hippocrates[4] and in Rome by Livy.[5] Both described the epidemic continuing for roughly a year.[citation needed]

The disease outbreak caused a food shortage in the Roman Republic, and a famine was only prevented with food relief from Sicily and Etruria, and via trade missions to the "peoples round about who dwelt on the Tuscan sea or by the Tiber."[6]

  1. ^ Potter, C. W. (2002). "Foreword". Influenza. Elsevier Science. p. vii.
  2. ^ Nelson, Kenrad E. (2001). Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Theory and Practice. Jones and Bartlett. p. 334.
  3. ^ Hardman, Lizabeth (2011). Influenza Pandemics. Lucent Books. p. 8.
  4. ^ Hippocrates, Of the Epidemics, Book I
  5. ^ Livy, The History of Rome, Book IV, 52, 3-5
  6. ^ Livy, The History of Rome, Book IV, 52, 5-6