4D printing

4-dimensional printing (4D printing; also known as 4D bioprinting, active origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer-programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object. However, in 4D printing, the resulting 3D shape is able to morph into different forms in response to environmental stimulus, with the 4th dimension being the time-dependent shape change after the printing.[1][2][3] It is therefore a type of programmable matter, wherein after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, voltage, etc.) and changes its form accordingly.[4][5][6]

  1. ^ Tibbits, Skylar (2014-01-01). "4D Printing: Multi-Material Shape Change". Architectural Design. 84 (1): 116–121. doi:10.1002/ad.1710. ISSN 1554-2769.
  2. ^ Choi, Jin; Kwon, O-Chang; Jo, Wonjin; Lee, Heon Ju; Moon, Myoung-Woon (2015-12-01). "4D Printing Technology: A Review". 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. 2 (4): 159–167. doi:10.1089/3dp.2015.0039. ISSN 2329-7662.
  3. ^ Navaf, Muhammed; Sunooj, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal; Aaliya, Basheer; Akhila, Plachikkattu Parambil; Sudheesh, Cherakkathodi; Mir, Shabir Ahmad; George, Johnsy (2022-12-01). "4D printing: a new approach for food printing; effect of various stimuli on 4D printed food properties. A comprehensive review". Applied Food Research. 2 (2): 100150. doi:10.1016/j.afres.2022.100150. ISSN 2772-5022. S2CID 249699353.
  4. ^ Ge, Qi; Dunn, Conner K.; Qi, H. Jerry; Dunn, Martin L. (2014-01-01). "Active origami by 4D printing". Smart Materials and Structures. 23 (9): 094007. Bibcode:2014SMaS...23i4007G. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/094007. ISSN 0964-1726. S2CID 135721704.
  5. ^ Cataldi, Pietro; Liu, Mufeng; Bissett, Mark; Kinloch, Ian A. (2022). "A Review on Printing of Responsive Smart and 4D Structures Using 2D Materials". Advanced Materials Technologies. 7 (11). doi:10.1002/admt.202200025. S2CID 248441783.
  6. ^ Pei, Eujin; Loh, Giselle Hsiang (2018-06-01). "Technological considerations for 4D printing: an overview". Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 3 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1007/s40964-018-0047-1. ISSN 2363-9520. S2CID 115431299.