His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974 | |
| Title | Founder-Acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness |
| Personal | |
| Born | Abhay Charan De 1 September 1896 |
| Died | 14 November 1977 (aged 81) |
| Resting place | Srila Prabhupada's Samadhi Mandir, ISKCON Vrindavan 27°34′19″N 77°40′38″E / 27.57196°N 77.67729°E |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Parents |
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| Denomination | Gaudiya Vaishnavism |
| Lineage | from Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |
| Notable work(s) |
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| Alma mater | Scottish Churches College, University of Calcutta[2] |
| Known for | the Hare Krishna movement[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur |
| Initiation |
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A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (IAST: Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhaktivedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda; Bengali: অভয চরণারৱিন্দ ভক্তিৱেদান্ত স্ৱামী প্রভুপাদ) (1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977) was a spiritual, philosophical, and religious teacher from India who spread the Hare Krishna mantra and the teachings of "Krishna consciousness" to the world. Born as Abhay Charan De and later legally named Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, he is often referred to as "Bhaktivedanta Swami", "Srila Prabhupada", or simply "Prabhupada".[3]
To carry out an order received in his youth from his spiritual teacher to spread "Krishna consciousness" in English, in his old age, at 69, he journeyed in 1965 from Kolkata to New York City on a cargo ship, taking with him little more than a few trunks of books. He knew no one in America, but he chanted Hare Krishna in a park in New York City, gave classes, and in 1966, with the help of some early students, established the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), which now has centers throughout the world.
He taught a path in which one aims at realizing oneself to be an eternal spiritual being, distinct from one's temporary material body, and seeks to revive one's dormant relationship with the supreme living being, known by the Sanskrit name Krishna. One does this through various practices, especially through hearing about Krishna from standard texts, chanting mantras consisting of names of Krishna, and adopting a life of devotional service to Krishna. As part of these practices, Prabhupada required that his initiated students strictly refrain from non-vegetarian food (such as meat, fish, or eggs), gambling, intoxicants (including coffee, tea, or cigarettes), and extramarital sex. In contrast to earlier Indian teachers who promoted the idea of an impersonal ultimate truth in the West, he taught that the Absolute is ultimately personal.
He held the duty of a guru was to convey intact the message of Krishna as found in core spiritual texts such as the Bhagavad Gita. To this end, he wrote and published a translation and commentary called Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is. He also wrote and published translations and commentaries for texts celebrated in India but hardly known elsewhere, such as the Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana) and the Chaitanya Charitamrita, thereby making those texts accessible in English for the first time. In all, he wrote more than eighty books.
In the late 1970s and the 1980s ISKCON came to be labeled a destructive cult by critics in America and some European countries. Although scholars and courts rejected claims of cultic brainwashing and recognized ISKCON as representing an authentic branch of Hinduism, in some places the "cult" label and image have persisted. Some of Prabhupada's views or statements have been perceived as racist towards blacks, discriminatory against lower castes, or misogynistic.[4][5][6] Decades after his death, Prabhupada's teachings and the Society he established continue to be influential,[7] with some scholars and Indian political leaders calling him one of the most successful propagators of Hinduism abroad.[8][9][10][11]
- ^ Klostermaier 2000, p. 25.
- ^ Jones 2007, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Goswami 2012, p. 22.
- ^ Lorenz 2004, pp. 112–128, 347–390.
- ^ Brown 2020, p. 122.
- ^ Lucia 2014, p. 238.
- ^ Lewis 2005, p. 128.
- ^ Klostermaier 1998, p. 183.
- ^ Hopkins 1983, pp. 136, 142.
- ^ Cox 1983, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Ivanenko 2008, pp. 73–74.