Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
أبو بكر البغدادي
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in 2004
1st Caliph of the Islamic State
Reign
29 June 2014 – 27 October 2019
Preceded byHimself (as Emir of the Islamic State)
Succeeded byAbu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Emir of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
In office
7 April 2013 – 29 June 2014
Preceded byHimself (as Emir of the Islamic State of Iraq)
Succeeded byHimself (as Caliph of the Islamic State)
2nd Emir of the Islamic State of Iraq
In office
18 April 2010 – 7 April 2013
Preceded byAbu Omar al-Baghdadi
Succeeded byHimself (as Emir of the Islamic State)
Emir of the Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah[1]
In office
2004–2006
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition dissolved
Personal details
Born
Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri
إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي البدري

(1971-07-28)28 July 1971[2]
Samarra, Iraq[3][4]
Died27 October 2019(2019-10-27) (aged 48)
Barisha, Syria
Cause of deathSuicide
Military career
Allegiance
RankCaliph
Battles / warsWar on Terror
Spouse(s)Saja ad-Dulaimi
Asma Fawzi Mohammed al-Dulaimi
Israa Rajab Mahal Al-Qaisi
Childrenson Hudhayfah al-Badri daughter Hagar
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Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri (Arabic: إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي البدري, romanized: ʾIbrāhīm ʿAwād ʾIbrāhīm Alī al-Badri; 28 July 1971 – 27 October 2019), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Arabic: أبو بكر البغدادي, romanized: ʾAbū Bakr al-Baghdādī), was an Iraqi militant who was the first caliph[a] of the Islamic State (IS) from 2014 until his death in 2019.

Baghdadi was born in Samarra and obtained graduate degrees in Islamic theology in the late 1990s and 2000s. According to supporters, he obtained a PhD at the Islamic University of Baghdad. [8] Following the American invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Baghdadi led the "Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama'ah" insurgent group in Iraq and was detained with al-Qaeda commanders at the American Camp Bucca in 2004.[9][10] His group joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) coalition in 2006 and fought alongside Al-Qaeda in Iraq.[10] Upon the dissolution of the MSC in October 2006, Baghdadi became a leading member of the newly established Islamic State of Iraq organization, and rose through the group's ranks until he was appointed its emir, the highest leader, in 2010.[9][10] In March 2013, the group renamed itself as the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" (ISIL), announcing its intention to expand into Syria and forcibly assimilate the Al-Nusra Front, leading to a conflict with Al-Qaeda's general command. In June 2014, the group once again re-designated itself as the "Islamic State", and declared itself to be a caliphate.[11] Baghdadi was chosen caliph of the Islamic State by a "Shura Council", which represented those members of the Islamic State allegedly qualified to elect a caliph.[12]

Baghdadi's claim to be "caliph" was almost universally rejected by the Muslim community.[12] IS was designated as a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and almost all sovereign states, and Baghdadi was individually considered a terrorist by the United States[13] and many other countries. As leader of IS, Baghdadi led the Islamic State's wars against Iraq and Syria. Baghdadi directed the use of controversial tactics, including the mass use of suicide bombings and the execution of prisoners of war. IS briefly captured substantial territory in Iraq and Syria, but lost all of that territory and almost all of its fighters during Baghdadi's tenure as caliph. Baghdadi would become directly involved in IS's atrocities and human rights violations. These include the genocide of Yazidis in Iraq, extensive sexual slavery, organized rape, floggings, and systematic executions. He directed terrorist activities and massacres. He embraced brutality as part of the organization's propaganda efforts, producing videos displaying sexual slavery and executions via hacking, stoning and burning.[14][15] Baghdadi was a serial rapist who kept several personal sex slaves.[16][17]

On 27 October 2019, Baghdadi killed himself and two children by detonating a suicide vest during the Barisha raid, conducted by the United States following approval from President Donald Trump, in Syria's northwestern Idlib Province.[18] After being offered Islamic funeral rites, his body was buried at sea.[19] IS confirmed his death and named Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi as his replacement.[20]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference aymennjawad.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference dob was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee adds Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai to its Sanctions List" (Press release). United Nations Security Council, SC/10405. 5 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  4. ^ "Wanted: Information that brings to justice… Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi" (Press release). Rewards for Justice Program. 5 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  5. ^ Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group./>Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  6. ^ Bunzel, Cole (27 November 2019). "Caliph Incognito: The Ridicule of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi". www.jihadica.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  7. ^ Hamid, Shadi (1 November 2016). "What a caliphate really is—and how the Islamic State is not one". Brookings. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Who was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?". BBC News. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kamolnick was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c "'Stations' of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Life: Translation and Analysis". 7 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  11. ^ Hamming, Tore (2017). "The Al Qaeda–Islamic State Rivalry: Competition Yes, but No Competitive Escalation". Terrorism and Political Violence. 32. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Taylor & Francis: 20–37. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1342634. S2CID 148963694.
  12. ^ a b The ahl al-hall wal-aqd are qualified individuals empowered to either elect or remove from position a caliph on behalf of an Islamic community – Definition of "ahl al-hall wal-aqd" Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Accessed 15 May 2017.
  13. ^ Rewards for Justice – Information that brings to justice... Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Up to $25 Million Reward Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Who was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?". BBC. 27 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  15. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Hassan, Falih (27 October 2019). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS Leader Known for His Brutality, Is Dead at 48". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference gardner was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference joby was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Statement from the President on the Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". whitehouse.gov (Press release). 27 October 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021 – via National Archives.
  19. ^ Gonzales, Richard (30 October 2019). "Head Of U.S. Central Command Says ISIS Leader Baghdadi Buried At Sea". NPR. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  20. ^ "Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi". BBC. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.


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