Acetic acid

Acetic acid
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
Identifiers
E number	E260 (preservatives)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5024394 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.528
Data page
	Acetic acid (data page)

Acetic acid
Skeletal formula of acetic acid	Spacefill model of acetic acid
Skeletal formula of acetic acid with all explicit hydrogens added	Ball and stick model of acetic acid
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Acetic acid
	Systematic IUPAC name Ethanoic acid
	Other names Vinegar (when dilute); Hydrogen acetate; Methanecarboxylic acid; Ethylic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	64-19-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
3DMet	B00009;
Abbreviations	AcOH
Beilstein Reference	506007
ChEBI	CHEBI:15366 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL539 ;
ChemSpider	171 ;
DrugBank	DB03166 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.528
EC Number	200-580-7;
E number	E260 (preservatives)
Gmelin Reference	1380
IUPHAR/BPS	1058;
KEGG	C00033; D00010 ;
MeSH	Acetic+acid
PubChem CID	176;
RTECS number	AF1225000;
UNII	Q40Q9N063P ;
UN number	2789
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5024394 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4) Key: QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES CC(O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	CH3COOH
Molar mass	60.052 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless liquid
Odor	Heavily vinegar-like
Density	1.049 g/cm3 (liquid); 1.27 g/cm3 (solid)
Melting point	16 to 17 °C; 61 to 62 °F; 289 to 290 K
Boiling point	118 to 119 °C; 244 to 246 °F; 391 to 392 K
Solubility in water	Miscible
log P	−0.28
Vapor pressure	1.54653947 kPa (20 °C) ; 11.6 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	4.756
Conjugate base	Acetate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−31.54·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.371 (VD = 18.19)
Viscosity	1.22 mPa s ; 1.22 cP
Dipole moment	1.74 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	123.1 J/(K⋅mol)
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	158.0 J/(K⋅mol)
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−483.88–483.16 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−875.50–874.82 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	G01AD02 (WHO) S02AA10 (WHO)
Legal status	AU: S2 (Pharmacy medicine) and S6;
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H226, H314
Precautionary statements	P280, P305+P351+P338, P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 2 0
Flash point	40 °C (104 °F; 313 K)
Autoignition; temperature	427 °C (801 °F; 700 K)
Explosive limits	4–16%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	3.31 g/kg, oral (rat)
LC50 (median concentration)	5620 ppm (mouse, 1 h); 16000 ppm (rat, 4 h)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (37 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	50 ppm
Related compounds
Related carboxylic acids	Formic acid; Propionic acid
Related compounds	Acetaldehyde; Acetamide; Acetic anhydride; Chloroacetic acid; Acetyl chloride; Glycolic acid; Ethyl acetate; Potassium acetate; Sodium acetate; Thioacetic acid
Supplementary data page
	Acetic acid (data page)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH (also written as CH₃CO₂H, C₂H₄O₂, or HC₂H₃O₂). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. It has been used, as a component of vinegar, throughout history from at least the third century BC.

Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical across various fields, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

The global demand for acetic acid as of 2023 is about 17.88 million metric tonnes per year (t/a). Most of the world's acetic acid is produced via the carbonylation of methanol. Its production and subsequent industrial use poses health hazards to workers, including incidental skin damage and chronic respiratory injuries from inhalation.

^ Scientific literature reviews on generally recognised as safe (GRAS) food ingredients. National Technical Information Service. 1974. p. 1.
^ "Chemistry", volume 5, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1961, page 374.
^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 745. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00648. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ "acetic acid_msds".
^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0002". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Acetic acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[1] Scientific literature reviews on generally recognised as safe (GRAS) food ingredients. National Technical Information Service. 1974. p. 1.

[2] "Chemistry", volume 5, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1961, page 374.

[iupac2013-3] Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 745. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00648. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.

[chemsrc-4] "acetic acid_msds".

[lange-5] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed.

[PGCH-6] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0002". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[7] "Acetic acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

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