Adult development

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Adult development encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging.[1] Biological changes influence psychological and interpersonal/social developmental changes, which are often described by stage theories of human development. Stage theories typically focus on "age-appropriate" developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories[2][3] of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life.

The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition of an adult is a person who is fully grown or developed. This is referred to as the age of majority, which is age 18 in most cultures, although there is a variation from 15 to 21. The socio-cultural definition of being an adult is based on what a culture normatively views as being the required criteria for adulthood, which in turn, influences the lives of individuals within that culture. This may or may not coincide with the legal definition.[4] Current views on adult development in late life focus on the concept of successful aging, defined as "...low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life."[5]

Biomedical theories hold that one can age successfully by caring for physical health and minimizing loss in function, whereas psychosocial theories posit that capitalizing upon social and cognitive resources, such as a positive attitude or social support from neighbors, family, and friends, is key to aging successfully.[6] Jeanne Louise Calment exemplifies successful aging as the longest living person, dying at 122 years old. Her long life can be attributed to her genetics (both parents lived into their 80s), her active lifestyle and an optimistic attitude.[7][8] She enjoyed many hobbies and physical activities, and believed that laughter contributed to her longevity. She poured olive oil on all of her food and skin, which she believed also contributed to her long life and youthful appearance.[9]

  1. ^ Hayflick, Leonard (November 1998). "How and why we age". Experimental Gerontology. 33 (7–8): 639–653. doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00023-0. PMID 9951612. S2CID 34114351.
  2. ^ Jung, Carl (2024-05-09). On the Psychology of the Unconscious. Livraria Press. ISBN 978-3-68938-496-8.
  3. ^ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2024-10-29.
  4. ^ Robinson, Oliver (2012). Development through Adulthood: An Integrative Sourcebook. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 978-0-230-29799-9.[page needed]
  5. ^ Rowe, J. W.; Kahn, R. L. (1 August 1997). "Successful Aging". The Gerontologist. 37 (4): 433–440. doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433. PMID 9279031.
  6. ^ Bowling, Ann; Dieppe, Paul (24 December 2005). "What is successful ageing and who should define it?". BMJ. 331 (7531): 1548–1551. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1548. PMC 1322264. PMID 16373748.
  7. ^ Danner, Deborah D.; Snowdon, David A.; Friesen, Wallace V. (2001). "Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 80 (5): 804–813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804. PMID 11374751.
  8. ^ Diener, Ed; Chan, Micaela Y. (March 2011). "Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 3 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x. S2CID 13490264.
  9. ^ Young, Robert (2020-02-01). "If Jeanne Calment Were 122, That Is All the More Reason for Biosampling". Rejuvenation Research. 23 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1089/rej.2020.2303. ISSN 1549-1684. PMID 31928204.