African diaspora

This article is about emigration from Africa in historic times. For prehistoric human migration, see recent African origin of modern humans. For recent migration, see emigration from Africa.

African diaspora
Flag of Pan-Africanism
World map of African diaspora
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil20,656,458 (2022)[1]
92,083,286 (Mixed)
 United States41,104,200 (2020)[2]
5,832,533 (Mixed)
 Colombia4,944,400 (2022)[3]
12,967,500 (Mixed)
 Haiti9,925,365[4]
 Dominican Republic642,018 (2022)[5]
6,179,341 (Mixed)
 France5,000,000 (2009)[6]
 Saudi Arabia3,600,000[7]
 Yemen3,500,000[8]
 United Kingdom2,485,724 (2021)[9]
249,596 (Mixed)
 Mexico2,576,213 (2020)[10]
 Jamaica2,510,000[11]
 Iraq2,000,000[12]
 Panama1,258,915 (2023)[13]
 Spain1,206,701 (79% being North African)[14]
 Canada1,198,540[15]
 Italy1,140,000 (60% being North African)[16]
 Venezuela1,087,427 (2011)[17]
 Cuba1,034,044[18]
 Germany1,000,000[19]
 Peru828,894 (2017)[20]
 Ecuador569,212 (2022)
245,256 (Mixed)[21]
 Oman750,000
 Portugal645,000[22][23][24][25]
 Netherlands507,000
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[26]
 Belgium358,268 (2023)[27]
 Australia326,673 (2021)[28]
 Argentina302,936 (2022)[5]
 Barbados270,853[29]
 Uruguay255,074 (2011)[30]
 Sweden250,881 (2022)[31]
 Pakistan250,000[32]
 Puerto Rico228,711[33]
 Guyana225,860[34]
 Suriname200,406[35][36][37]
 Chile195,809 (2017, including Haitian immigrants)[38][39]
 Norway149,502 (2023)[40]
 Grenada108,700[41]
 Turkey100,000[42]
 Finland70,592 (2023)[43]
 Jordan60,000[44]
 Russia50,000[45] (est. 2009)
 Costa Rica45,228 (2018)
289,209 (Mixed)[46]
 Guatemala27,647 (2018)
19,529 (Mixed)[47]
 India19,514 (2011)[48]
 Paraguay8,013 (2022)[49]
Languages
English (American, Caribbean), French (Canadian, Haitian), Haitian Creole, Spanish, Portuguese, Papiamento, Dutch, Palenquero and African languages
Religion
Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions, Afro-American religions
Related ethnic groups
Africans

The global African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas.[50] The African populations in the Americas are descended from haplogroup L genetic groups of native Africans.[51][52] The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil, the United States, Colombia and Haiti.[53][54] However, the term can also be used to refer to African descendants who immigrated to other parts of the world. Scholars identify "four circulatory phases" of this migration out of Africa.[55] The phrase African diaspora gradually entered common usage at the turn of the 21st century.[56] The term diaspora originates from the Greek διασπορά (diaspora, "scattering") which gained popularity in English in reference to the Jewish diaspora before being more broadly applied to other populations.[57]

Less commonly, the term has been used in scholarship to refer to more recent emigration from Africa.[58] The African Union (AU) defines the African diaspora as consisting: "of people of native or partial African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union".[59] Its constitutive act declares that it shall "invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union".[60]

  1. ^ "Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos". sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
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  4. ^ Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  5. ^ a b "Censo 2022". INDEC. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  6. ^ Crumley, Bruce (March 24, 2009), "Should France Count Its Minority Population?", Time, retrieved October 11, 2014
  7. ^ "Saudi-Arabia". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 25, 2017. (Archived 2017 edition.)
  8. ^ "Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression – CNN iReport". November 29, 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  9. ^ "2021 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. November 11, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  10. ^ "Principales resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020" (PDF). inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
  11. ^ "Jamaica – People". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  12. ^ "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Iraq : Black Iraqis".
  13. ^ "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
  14. ^ "Población extranjera por país de nacionalidad, edad (grupos quinquenales) y sexo". Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  15. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived November 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  16. ^ Fabrizio Ciocca (November 12, 2019). "Africani d'Italia". Neodemos (in Italian).
  17. ^ "XIV Censo National de Poblacion y Vivienda" (PDF). May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  18. ^ "Población por sexo y zona de residencia según grupos de edades y color de la piel" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  19. ^ "Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?". Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande. [About one million black people are living in this country according to ISD.]
  20. ^ "La Autoidentificación Étnica: Población Indígena y Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2018. p. 123. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  21. ^ "Población del país es joven y mestiza, dice censo del INEC". El Universo (in Spanish). September 2, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  22. ^ "Portugal: Comunidade cabo-verdiana está muito bem integrada mas embaixador admite desafios". Expresso das Ilhas (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  23. ^ "Angola – Emigrantes totais 2020 | Countryeconomy.com". pt.countryeconomy.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  24. ^ "Visão | Guineenses em Portugal elegem liberdade como maior conquista da Guiné-Bissau". Visão (in European Portuguese). November 15, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "Moçambique – Emigrantes totais 2020 | Countryeconomy.com". pt.countryeconomy.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  26. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census: Demographic Report" (PDF). Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office. 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  27. ^ "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  28. ^ "ABS Statistics". stat.data.abs.gov.au. November 25, 2021. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  29. ^ Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  30. ^ "La población afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011" (in Spanish). March 7, 2021. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Alt URL
  31. ^ "Foreign-born by county, municipality, sex and country of birth 31 December 2022". www.scb.se. Statistics Sweden.
  32. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (August 26, 2018). "Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots". DAWN.COM. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  33. ^ "Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% from 2010 to 2020".
  34. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  36. ^ "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on October 29, 2013.
  37. ^ "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on April 18, 2014.
  38. ^ "Medición de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. November 2018.
  39. ^ "Extranjeros en Chile superan el millón 110 mil y el 72% se concentra en dos regiones: Antofagasta y Metropolitana". El Mercurio. April 9, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  40. ^ "Statistics Norway - Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 6 March 2023". Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  41. ^ "Grenada". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  42. ^ "İstanbul'da yaşayan Afrikalıların sayısı 70 bine yakın. Ten renklerinden ötürü ötekileştirilmiyor olmak onları Türkiye'ye bağlıyor". www.trthaber.com (in Turkish). December 13, 2020. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  43. ^ "11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2023". Statistics Finland. Retrieved September 29, 2024.

    Note:

    "Origin and background country". Statistics Finland. Retrieved September 29, 2024. Origin and background country ... All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background. ... Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background. ... If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth. ... For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents.

    I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
     • or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.

    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.
  44. ^ http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan
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  48. ^ "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  49. ^ "Afroparaguayos, condenados a no existir".
  50. ^ "African Diaspora | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  51. ^ Salas, Antonio, etl. (2004). "The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 454–465. doi:10.1086/382194. PMC 1182259. PMID 14872407.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Johnson, Derek, etl. (2015). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population". Mitochondrial DNA. 26 (3): 445–451. doi:10.3109/19401736.2013.840591. PMC 4048334. PMID 24102597.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Ade Ajayi, J. F.; International Scientific Committee For The Drafting Of a General History Of Africa, Unesco (July 1, 1998). General History of Africa. University of California Press. pp. 305–15. ISBN 978-0-520-06701-1. via Google Books
  54. ^ Cite error: The named reference warren was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  55. ^ Harris, J. E. (1993). "Introduction" In J. E. Harris (ed.), Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, pp. 8–9.
  56. ^ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  57. ^ In an article published in 1991, William Safran set out six rules to distinguish "diasporas" from general migrant communities. While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term. Rogers Brubaker (2005) also noted that use of the term "diaspora" had started to take on an increasingly general sense. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space". An early example of the use of "African diaspora" appears in the title of Sidney Lemelle, Robin D. G. Kelley, Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora (1994).
  58. ^ Akyeampong, E. (2000). "Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africans". African Affairs. 99 (395): 183–215. doi:10.1093/afraf/99.395.183.
  59. ^ "The Diaspora Division | African Union". au.int. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  60. ^ "The Diaspora Division". Statement. The Citizens and Diaspora Organizations Directorate (CIDO). Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2016.