Afrocubanismo was an artistic and social movement in black-themed Cuban culture with origins in the 1920s, as in works by the cultural anthropologistFernando Ortiz. The Afrocubanismo movement focused on establishing the legitimacy of black identity in Cuban society, culture, and art. The movement developed in the interwar period when white intellectuals in Cuba acknowledged openly the significance of African culture in Cuba.[1][2][3] Afro-Cuban artistic expressions helped integrate the marginalized black community into mainstream Cuban society and art. Since its inception, Afro-Cuban Humanities has emerged as a major area of collegiate studies, and Afrocubanismo's influences can be seen in Cuban literature, painting, music, theater, and sculpture.
^Ortiz, Fernando 1950. La Afrocania de la musica folklorica de Cuba. La Habana, revised ed 1965
^Ortiz, Fernando 1951. Los bailes y el teatro de los negros en el folklore de Cuba. Letras Cubanas, La Habana. Continuation of the previous book; contains transcriptions of percussion in notation and lyrics of toques and cantos a los santos variously in Lucumi and Spanish.
^Carpentier, Alejo 2001 [1946]. Music in Cuba, edited and with an introduction by Timothy Brennan, translated by Alan West-Durán. Cultural Studies of the Americas 5 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).[page needed]ISBN0-8166-3229-4 (hardcover); ISBN0-8166-3230-8 (pbk.) First published as La música en cuba (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1946). Second edition under the same title, Colección popular 109 (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1984). ISBN968-16-0250-1 (pbk.). Third edition, Giraldilla series (Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1988). A standard work on the history of Cuban music up to 1940.