Aichivirus A

Aichivirus A
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Kobuvirus
Species:
Aichivirus A

Aichivirus A formerly Aichi virus (AiV)[1] belongs to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae.[2] Six species are part of the genus Kobuvirus, Aichivirus A-F.[3] Within Aichivirus A, there are six different types including human Aichi virus, canine kobuvirus, murine kobuvirus, Kathmandu sewage kobuvirus, roller kobuvirus, and feline kobuvirus.[3] Three different genotypes are found in human Aichi virus, represented as genotype A, B, and C.[3]

AiV is a non-enveloped positive sense ssRNA virus with icosahedral morphology.[3] Aichivirus A was originally identified after a 1989 outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the Aichi Prefecture that was linked to raw oyster consumption per genetic analysis.[1][4][5] Human Aichi Virus can cause gastroenteritis with symptoms arising such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and feve.[3][6]

Aichivirus A can be found in a variety of environmental areas including sewage, groundwater, river water, and shellfish.[2] Aichivirus A is present in many world regions, and in sometimes greater abundance than other well-known enteric viruses.[2] Aichiviruses have been seen in Asia, Europe, South America, and Africa.[2] It has since been isolated in populations of Finnish children,[7] Pakistani children, and Japanese travelers.[8] The widespread nature of aichivirus A can be seen in the high percentage of AiV antibodies in adult human populations found in several countries.[3]

Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route.[2] After the virus is replicated in the gastrointestinal tract, the pathogen can be found in fecal samples of infected individuals.[2] Water and shellfish contaminated with human sewage can propagate aichivirus A.[2]

  1. ^ a b Carmona-Vicente N, Buesa J, Brown PA, Merga JY, Darby AC, Stavisky J, et al. (June 2013). "Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK". Veterinary Microbiology. 164 (3–4): 246–252. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.014. PMC 7127238. PMID 23490561.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Kitajima M, Gerba CP (May 2015). "Aichi virus 1: environmental occurrence and behavior". Pathogens. 4 (2): 256–268. doi:10.3390/pathogens4020256. PMC 4493473. PMID 25996404.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Rivadulla E, Romalde JL (October 2020). "A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus". Virologica Sinica. 35 (5): 501–516. doi:10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5. PMC 7223127. PMID 32342286.
  4. ^ Mahy BW (2001). "Aichi virus (AiV)". A Dictionary of Virology (3rd ed.). San Diego, California: Academic Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-12-465327-6.
  5. ^ Desselberger U (2003). Viral Gastroenteritis. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 645–. ISBN 978-0-444-51444-8.
  6. ^ Yamashita T, Ito M, Tsuzuki H, Sakae K (November 2001). "Identification of Aichi virus infection by measurement of immunoglobulin responses in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (11): 4178–4180. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.11.4178-4180.2001. PMC 88511. PMID 11682554.
  7. ^ Kaikkonen S, Räsänen S, Rämet M, Vesikari T (August 2010). "Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland". Epidemiology and Infection. 138 (8): 1166–1171. doi:10.1017/S0950268809991300. PMID 19961643. S2CID 39830543.; Lay summary in: Acton QA (2011). "Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland". Issues in Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health. ScholarlyEditions. p. 793. ISBN 978-1-4649-6382-7.
  8. ^ Yamashita T, Sakae K, Kobayashi S, Ishihara Y, Miyake T, Mubina A, Isomura S (1995). "Isolation of cytopathic small round virus (Aichi virus) from Pakistani children and Japanese travelers from Southeast Asia". Microbiology and Immunology. 39 (6): 433–435. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02225.x. PMID 8551977. S2CID 11933842.