Alejandro Toledo

For the Argentine-born, UK-based musician, see Alejandro Toledo (musician).
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Toledo and the second or maternal family name is Manrique.

Alejandro Toledo
Toledo in 2015
56th President of Peru
In office
28 July 2001 – 28 July 2006
Prime MinisterRoberto Dañino
Luis Solari
Beatriz Merino
Carlos Ferrero
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Vice President1st Vice President
Raúl Diez Canseco
(2001–2004)
2nd Vice President
David Waisman
Preceded byValentín Paniagua
Succeeded byAlan García
President of Possible Peru
In office
1 March 1994 – 13 July 2017
Preceded byParty established
Succeeded byParty dissolved
Personal details
Born
Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique

(1946-03-28) 28 March 1946 (age 78)
Cabana, Peru
Political partyPossible Peru (1994–2017)
SpouseEliane Karp
Alma materUniversity of San Francisco (BA)
Stanford University (MA, PhD)
ProfessionEconomist, politician, academic

Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (Spanish: [aleˈxandɾo toˈleðo]; born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian former politician who served as President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. On October 21, 2024 he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for taking $35 million dollars in bribes to award the Brazilian company Odebrecht with a highway contract.

He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.[1] He entered politics when he founded the Possible Peru party, participating for the first time in the 1995 Peruvian general election. In 2000, he managed to become the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time.[2][3] After a transition stage, he participated for the third time in the 2001 Peruvian general election against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.[4]

His administration was characterized by macroeconomic boom, promoting foreign investment, the signing of free trade agreements, and the implementation of various investment projects in infrastructure and human development.[5] At the same time, Toledo suffered a governance crisis, scandals in his personal life, and allegations of corruption against his inner circle, signs that hit his popularity until he fell to 8% of popular approval.[6][7] Subsequently, he would try to regain the presidency in the 2011 Peruvian general election,[8][9][10][11] placing fourth.[12] He later placed eighth in the 2016 Peruvian general election.[13]

Following his presidency, he served as a distinguished resident member of the Center for Advanced Study and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, and as visiting professor at the Center for Democracy, Development and Law Enforcement at the Freeman Spogli Institute.[14] Toledo has been a speaker at conferences in different countries on economics, social inclusion, and democracy, as well as a leader of his political party, the defunct Possible Peru.[15] In 2006, he founded the Global Center for Development and Democracy, an organization advocating sustainable democracies,[16] and between 2009 and 2010 he was a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and as professor of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution.[17]

On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States for an extradition order to Peru, as reported by the Peruvian Public Ministry.[18] On 8 August, attorney Graham Archer, requested a request for release on bail before judge Thomas Hixson.[19] On 12 September, the judge ruled his request for reconsideration inadmissible.[20][21] On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.[22][23] On 28 September 2021, a U.S. District Court approved the extradition of Toledo, ruling that evidence presented in the case against Toledo were "sufficient to sustain the charges of collusion and money laundering" under the U.S. Peru Extradition Treaty.[24] On 23 April 2023, Toledo was extradited from the US to Peru.[25]

  1. ^ Revista GENTE, 16 de julio de 1987. Entrevista SI FUERA MINISTRO a Alejandro Toledo.
  2. ^ ¿Cómo pasó Alejandro Toledo de ser el líder de la batalla contra Fujimori en Perú a estar acusado de corrupción?
  3. ^ "PERÚ: Elecciones recuerdan a fraude del 2000". Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  4. ^ Toledo gana las elecciones presidenciales de Perú con el 52,76% de los votos
  5. ^ Alejandro Toledo, el perfil del líder de Perú Posible[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act503222/.html Archived 14 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Popularidad de Toledo baja al 8 %
  7. ^ "La popularidad de Toledo cae al 8%". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  8. ^ Alejandro Toledo confirmó que postulará a la presidencia de la República para "luchar por un Perú más justo y próspero"[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ "Alejandro Toledo anuncia que será candidato presidencial 2011". Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  10. ^ Alejandro Toledo fue elegido candidato presidencial de Perú Posible
  11. ^ "Alejandro Toledo elegido candidato presidencial del partido Perú Posible". Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  12. ^ Resultados: Elecciones de Perú 2011
  13. ^ Elecciones 2016: García y Toledo dicen adiós a las urnas
  14. ^ Alejandro Toledo aclara: "Soy profesor visitante en la Universidad de Stanford"
  15. ^ Alejandro Toledo participará en una conferencia este miércoles en Nueva York
  16. ^ Centro Global para el Desarrollo y la Democracia
  17. ^ Alejandro Toledo, postpresidencia
  18. ^ Alejandro Toledo es arrestado en EE.UU. "por mandato de extradición"
  19. ^ Expresidente Alejandro Toledo pedirá salir en libertad bajo fianza
  20. ^ Alejandro Toledo seguirá detenido en cárcel de Estados Unidos
  21. ^ Justicia estadounidense determina que Alejandro Toledo permanezca detenido
  22. ^ "Conceden libertad bajo fianza a Alejandro Toledo por riesgo de Covid-19 | PERU". 19 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Alejandro Toledo saldrá en libertad bajo fianza por riesgo a contagiarse de coronavirus". El Comercio (in Spanish). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  24. ^ "U.S. Judge Approves Extradition of Former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo – September 29, 2021". The Daily News Brief. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  25. ^ "Peru: Ex-President Toledo extradited from US to Lima | DW News". Deutsche Welle. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.