Alexander Hamilton | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull, 1792 | |
| 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury | |
| In office September 11, 1789 – January 31, 1795 | |
| President | George Washington |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Oliver Wolcott Jr. |
| 8th Senior Officer of the United States Army | |
| In office December 14, 1799 – June 15, 1800 | |
| President | John Adams |
| Preceded by | George Washington |
| Succeeded by | James Wilkinson |
| Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from New York | |
| In office November 3, 1788 – March 2, 1789 | |
| Preceded by | Egbert Benson |
| Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
| In office November 4, 1782 – June 21, 1783 | |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 11, 1755 or 1757[a] Charlestown, Colony of Nevis, British Leeward Islands |
| Died | (aged 47 or 49) New York City, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wound |
| Resting place | Trinity Church Cemetery |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Spouse | |
| Children | |
| Relatives | Hamilton family |
| Education | King's College Columbia College (MA) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
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| Branch/service | |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank | Major general |
| Commands | U.S. Army Senior Officer |
| Battles/wars | |
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757[a] – July 12, 1804) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first U.S. secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795 during George Washington's presidency.
Born out of wedlock in Charlestown, Nevis, Hamilton was orphaned as a child and taken in by a prosperous merchant. He pursued his education in New York City where, despite his young age, he was a prolific and widely read pamphleteer advocating for the American revolutionary cause, though an anonymous one. He then served as an artillery officer in the American Revolutionary War, where he saw military action against the British in the New York and New Jersey campaign, served for years as an aide to General George Washington, and helped secure American victory at the climactic Siege of Yorktown. After the Revolutionary War, Hamilton served as a delegate from New York to the Congress of the Confederation in Philadelphia. He resigned to practice law and founded the Bank of New York. In 1786, Hamilton led the Annapolis Convention to replace the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution of the United States, which he helped ratify by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers.
As a trusted member of President Washington's first cabinet, Hamilton served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. He envisioned a central government led by an energetic president, a strong national defense, and an industrial economy. He successfully argued that the implied powers of the Constitution provided the legal authority to fund the national debt, assume the states' debts, and create the First Bank of the United States, which was funded by a tariff on imports and a whiskey tax. He opposed American entanglement with the succession of unstable French Revolutionary governments and advocated in support of the Jay Treaty under which the U.S. resumed friendly trade relations with the British Empire. He also persuaded Congress to establish the Revenue Cutter Service. Hamilton's views became the basis for the Federalist Party, which was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton and other Federalists supported the Haitian Revolution, and Hamilton helped draft the constitution of Haiti.
After resigning as Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton resumed his legal and business activities. He was a leader in the abolition of the international slave trade. In the Quasi-War, Hamilton called for mobilization against France, and President John Adams appointed him major general. The army, however, did not see combat. Outraged by Adams' response to the crisis, Hamilton opposed his reelection campaign. Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency in the electoral college and, despite philosophical differences, Hamilton endorsed Jefferson over Burr, whom he found unprincipled. When Burr ran for governor of New York in 1804, Hamilton again campaigned against him, arguing that he was unworthy. Taking offense, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. In the July 11, 1804, duel in Weehawken, New Jersey, Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach. Hamilton was immediately transported to the home of William Bayard Jr. in Greenwich Village for medical attention, but succumbed to his wounds the following day.
Scholars generally regard Hamilton as an astute and intellectually brilliant administrator, politician, and financier who was sometimes impetuous. His ideas are credited with laying the foundation for American government and finance. British historian Paul Johnson stated that Hamilton was a "genius—the only one of the Founding Fathers fully entitled to that accolade—and he had the elusive, indefinable characteristics of genius."[5]
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- ^ a b Chernow, p. 17.
- ^ Logan, Erin B. (July 12, 2018). "Alexander Hamilton, immigrant and statesman, dies at 47 – or 49". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ^ a b Brookhiser, Richard (2000). Alexander Hamilton, American. Simon and Schuster. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4391-3545-7.
- ^ Newton (2015), pp. 19–30.
- ^ Johnson, Paul (1997). A History of the American People (PDF). New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-06-093034-9.