| Alexander III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Portrait photograph, 1885 | |||||
| Emperor of Russia | |||||
| Reign | 13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894 | ||||
| Coronation | 27 May 1883 | ||||
| Predecessor | Alexander II | ||||
| Successor | Nicholas II | ||||
| Born | 10 March 1845 Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire | ||||
| Died | 1 November 1894 (aged 49) Maley Palace, Livadia,[a] Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire | ||||
| Burial | 18 November 1894 Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
| House | Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp | ||||
| Father | Alexander II of Russia | ||||
| Mother | Marie of Hesse and by Rhine | ||||
| Religion | Russian Orthodox | ||||
| Signature | .png){kind=small} | ||||
Alexander III (Russian: Александр III Александрович Романов, romanized: Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.[2] He was highly reactionary in domestic affairs and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II, a policy of "counter-reforms" (Russian: контрреформы). Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907), he acted to maximize his autocratic powers.[citation needed]
During his reign, Russia fought no major wars, and he came to be known as The Peacemaker (Russian: Миротворец, romanized: Mirotvorets, IPA: [mʲɪrɐˈtvorʲɪt͡s]), with the laudatory title of Tsar’-Mirotvorets enduring into 21st century historiography.[3] His major foreign policy achievement was the Franco-Russian Alliance, a major shift in international relations that eventually embroiled Russia in World War I. His political legacy represented a direct challenge to the European cultural order set forth by German statesman Otto von Bismarck, intermingling Russian influences with the shifting balances of power.[4]
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- ^ 10 March [O.S. 26 February] 1845 – 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894
- ^ 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 – 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894.
- ^ Fedyashin, Anton (2023). "Book Review: Istoriia rossiiskogo gosudarstva. Tsar'-osvoboditel' i tsar'-mirotvorets. Lekarstvo dlia imperii [History of the Russian State. The Tsar-Liberator and the Tsar-Peacemaker. Medicine for the Empire] by Boris Akunin". European History Quarterly. 53 (4): 698–700. doi:10.1177/02656914231199945a. S2CID 263705950.
- ^ Kennan, George F. (1979). The Decline of Bismarck's European Order. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv141649s. JSTOR j.ctv141649s. S2CID 241648947.