Allochthon

For the Dutch demographical term, see Allochtoon.
Schematic overview of a thrust system. The hanging wall block is (when it has reasonable proportions) called a nappe. If an erosional hole is created in the nappe that is called a window. A klippe is a solitary outcrop of the nappe in the middle of autochthonous material.

An allochthon, or an allochthonous block, is a large block of rock which has been moved from its original site of formation, usually by low angle thrust faulting.[1] The term is derived from Greek: allo, meaning other, and chthon, meaning earth. For other possible mechanisms see obduction.

An allochthon which is isolated from the rock that pushed it into position is called a klippe. If an allochthon has a "hole" in it so that one can view the autochthon beneath the allochthon, the hole is called a "window" (or fenster). In generalized terms, the term is applied to any geologic units that originated at a distance from their present location.[2]

In the United States there are three notable allochthons, all of which were displaced nearly 50 km (31 miles) along thrust faults. The Golconda and Robert Mountains allochthons are both found in Nevada, a product of the Antler orogeny in the late Devonian period. Another is the Taconic allochthons found in New York, Massachusetts and Vermont formed from the collision of the Taconic magmatic arc with the super-continent Laurentia in the late Cambrian period.[3]

  1. ^ DiPietro, Joseph A. (December 21, 2012). Landscape Evolution in the United States: An Introduction to the Geography, Geology, and Natural History. Newnes. p. 343. ISBN 9780123978066. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  2. ^ Allaby, Michael. A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (Oxford Quick Reference) (p. 353). OUP Oxford. Kindle Edition.
  3. ^ DiPietro, Joseph A. (December 21, 2012). Landscape Evolution in the United States: An Introduction to the Geography, Geology, and Natural History. Newnes. p. 416. ISBN 9780123978066. Retrieved 18 April 2021.