Alvar

This article is about the landform. For other uses, see Alvar (disambiguation).
Alvar in Estonia near the town of Keila
Alvar at Kinnekulle, Sweden. Most plants are confined to the numerous cracks in the limestone.

An alvar is a biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil and, as a result, sparse grassland vegetation. Often flooded in the spring, and affected by drought in midsummer, alvars support a distinctive group of prairie-like plants.[1] Most alvars occur either in northern Europe[2] or around the Great Lakes in North America.[3] This stressed habitat supports a community of rare plants and animals, including species more commonly found on prairie grasslands. Lichen and mosses are common species. Trees and bushes are absent or severely stunted.

The primary cause of alvars is the shallow exposed bedrock. Flooding and drought, as noted, add to the stress of the site and prevent many species from growing.[1] Disturbance may also play a role. In Europe, grazing is frequent, while in North America, there is some evidence that fire may also prevent encroachment by forest.[4] The habitat also has strong competition gradients, with better competitors occupying the deeper soil and excluding other species to less productive locations.[5] Crevices in the limestone provide a distinctive habitat which is somewhat protected from grazing, and which may provide habitat for unusual ferns such as Pellaea atropurpurea. Bare rock flats provide areas with extremely low competition that serve as refugia for weak competitors such as the sandwort Minuartia michauxii and Micranthes virginiensis. In a representative set of four Ontario alvars, seven habitat types were described. From deep to shallow soil these were: tall grassy meadows, tall forb-rich meadows, low grassy meadows, low forb-rich meadows, dry grassland, rock margin grassland and bare rock flats.[6]

Alvars comprise a small percentage of the Earth's ecosystems by land extent. Although some 120 exist in the Great Lakes region, in total there are only about 43 sq mi (110 km2) left across the entire Great Lakes basin, and many of these have been degraded by agriculture and other human uses. More than half of all remaining alvars occur in Ontario. There are smaller areas in New York, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and Quebec.[7]

In North America, alvars provide habitat for birds such as bobolinks, eastern meadowlarks, upland sandpipers, eastern towhees, brown thrashers and loggerhead shrikes whose habitat is declining elsewhere. Rare plants include Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), Pringle's aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlei), juniper sedge (Carex juniperorum), lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis), ram's-head lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), and dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris). Also associated with alvars are rare butterflies and snails.[8] The use of the word "alvar" to refer to this type of environment originated in Sweden.[9] The largest alvar in Europe is located on the Swedish island of Öland. Here the thin soil mantle is only 0.5 to 2.0 centimeters thick in most places and in many extents consists of exposed limestone slabs.[10][11] The landscape there has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are other more local names for similar landforms, such as a pavement barren, although this term is also used for similar landforms based on sandstone.[12] In the United Kingdom the exposed landform is called a limestone pavement and thinly covered limestone is known as calcareous grassland.

  1. ^ a b Keddy, Paul A. (2007). Plants and Vegetation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 666. ISBN 978-0-521-86480-0.
  2. ^ Petterson, B. (1965). "Gotland and Öland: two limestone islands compared". Acta Phytogeographic Suecica. 50: 131–140.
  3. ^ Catling, P. M.; Brownell, V. R. (1995). "A review of the alvars of the Great Lakes region: distribution, floristic composition, biogeography and protection". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 109: 143–171.
  4. ^ Catling, P. M.; Brownell, V.R. (1998). "Importance of fire in alvar ecosystems – evidence from the Burnt Lands, Eastern Ontario". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 112: 661–667.
  5. ^ Belcher, J. W.; Keddy, P. A.; Twolan-Strutt, L. (1995). "Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient". Journal of Ecology. 83 (4): 673–682. doi:10.2307/2261635. JSTOR 2261635.
  6. ^ Belcher, J.; Keddy, P.A.; Catling, P.F.C. (1992). "Alvar vegetation in Canada: a multivariate description at two scales". Canadian Journal of Botany. 70 (6): 1279–1291. doi:10.1139/b92-161.
  7. ^ Reschke, Carol; Reid, Ron; Jones, Judith; Feeney, Tom; Potter, Heather (1999). "Conserving Great Lakes Alvars" (PDF). Final Technical Report of the International Alvar Conservation Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2008.
  8. ^ Catling, P.M.; Brownell, V.R. (1999). "Alvars of the Great Lakes Region". In Anderson, Roger C.; Fralish, James S.; Baskin, Jerry M. (eds.). Savannas, Barrens and Rock Outcrop Communities of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 375–391. ISBN 978-0521573221.
  9. ^ "Alvar". Svenska Akademiens ordbok (Dictionary of the Swedish Academy). 1898. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  10. ^ Hogan, C.M. (21 July 2006). The Stora Alvaret on Öland. Santa Rosa, Ca.: Lumina Technologies.
  11. ^ Forslund, Markus, ed. (1999). The Countryside in Eastern Smaland. KalmarSund Tryck. ISBN 978-91-630-7610-7.
  12. ^ "New York: Adirondacks: Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens". USA: The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14. Retrieved 24 April 2010.