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Studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[1] AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is clinically defined by amyloid beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and activation of the brain's immune system.[2][3] While COVID-19 has been known to more severely impact elderly populations, AD patients have been shown to have a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to cognitively normal patients.[1] The disproportionate risk of COVID-19 in AD patients is thought to arise from an interplay of biological and social factors between the two diseases. Many common biological pathways are shared between COVID-19 and AD, notably those involved in inflammation.[4] Genetic factors that put individuals at risk for AD, such as the APOE4 genotype, are associated with worse outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection.[5] Cognitive impairment in AD may prevent patients from following proper public health guidelines, such as masking and social distancing, increasing their risk of infection.[6] Additionally, studies have shown cognitively normal COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk of AD diagnosis following recovery, suggesting that COVID-19 has the potential to cause AD.[4][2]
- ^ a b Xia, Xiaohuan; Wang, Yi; Zheng, Jialin (December 2021). "COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease: how one crisis worsens the other". Translational Neurodegeneration. 10 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s40035-021-00237-2. ISSN 2047-9158. PMC 8090526. PMID 33941272.
- ^ a b Rudnicka-Drożak, Ewa; Drożak, Paulina; Mizerski, Grzegorz; Zaborowski, Tomasz; Ślusarska, Barbara; Nowicki, Grzegorz; Drożak, Martyna (2023-01-25). "Links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease—What Do We Already Know?". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (3): 2146. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032146. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 9915236. PMID 36767513.
- ^ Knopman, David S.; Amieva, Helene; Petersen, Ronald C.; Chételat, Gäel; Holtzman, David M.; Hyman, Bradley T.; Nixon, Ralph A.; Jones, David T. (2021-05-13). "Alzheimer disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 7 (1): 33. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y. ISSN 2056-676X. PMC 8574196. PMID 33986301.
- ^ a b Wang, Haili; Lu, Juan; Zhao, Xia; Qin, Rongyin; Song, Kangping; Xu, Yao; Zhang, Jun; Chen, Yingzhu (December 2021). "Alzheimer's disease in elderly COVID-19 patients: potential mechanisms and preventive measures". Neurological Sciences. 42 (12): 4913–4920. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05616-1. ISSN 1590-1874. PMC 8455804. PMID 34550494.
- ^ Gkouskou, Kalliopi; Vasilogiannakopoulou, Theodora; Andreakos, Evangelos; Davanos, Nikolaos; Gazouli, Maria; Sanoudou, Despina; Eliopoulos, Aristides G. (2021-05-01). "COVID-19 enters the expanding network of apolipoprotein E4-related pathologies". Redox Biology. 41: 101938. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101938. ISSN 2213-2317. PMC 7943392. PMID 33730676.
- ^ Hardan, Louis; Filtchev, Dimitar; Kassem, Ratiba; Bourgi, Rim; Lukomska-Szymanska, Monika; Tarhini, Hassan; Salloum-Yared, Fouad; Mancino, Davide; Kharouf, Naji; Haikel, Youssef (2021-10-25). "COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review". Medicina. 57 (11): 1159. doi:10.3390/medicina57111159. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 8625592. PMID 34833377.