Ammonium dinitramide

Ammonium dinitramide
Names
IUPAC name
Azanium dinitroazanide[1]
Other names
  • Ammonium dinitroazanide[1]
  • Ammonium dinitramide[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.126.585 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 604-184-9
UNII
  • InChI=1S/N3O4.H3N/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7;/h;1H3/q-1;/p+1 checkY
    Key: BRUFJXUJQKYQHA-UHFFFAOYSA-O checkY
  • InChI=1/N3O4.H3N/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7;/h;1H3/q-1;/p+1
    Key: BRUFJXUJQKYQHA-IKLDFBCSAM
  • [NH4+].[N-]([N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-]
Properties
[NH4][N(NO2)2]
Molar mass 124.06 g/mol
Density 1.81 g/cm3
Melting point 93 °C (199 °F; 366 K)
Boiling point decomposes at 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K)
Structure[1]
a = 6.914 Å, b = 11.787 Å, c = 5.614 Å
α = 90.00°, β = 100.40°, γ = 90.00°
4
Thermochemistry
−148 kJ/mol[2]
−150.6 kJ/mol
Explosive data
Shock sensitivity Low[2]
Friction sensitivity Low
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS01: ExplosiveGHS02: FlammableGHS07: Exclamation markGHS08: Health hazard
Danger
H201, H228, H302, H371
P210, P230, P240, P241, P250, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P309+P311, P330, P370+P378, P370+P380, P372, P373, P401, P405, P501
Related compounds
Other cations
 Guanylurea dinitramide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula [NH4][N(NO2)2]. It is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid HN(NO2)2. It consists of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and dinitramide anions −N(NO2)2. ADN decomposes under heat to leave only nitrogen, oxygen, and water.

It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and, more importantly, does not leave corrosive hydrogen chloride fumes. This property is also of military interest because halogen-free smoke is harder to detect. It decomposes into low-molecular-mass gases, which contributes to higher performance without creating excessive temperatures if used in gun or rocket propellants. However, the dinitramide salt is more prone to detonation under high temperatures and shock compared with the perchlorate.

The Eurenco Bofors company produced LMP-103S as a 1-to-1 substitute for hydrazine by dissolving 65% ammonium dinitramide, [NH4]N(NO2)2, in 35% water solution of methanol and ammonia. LMP-103S has 6% higher specific impulse and 30% higher impulse density than hydrazine monopropellant. Additionally, hydrazine is highly toxic and carcinogenic, while LMP-103S is only moderately toxic. LMP-103S is UN Class 1.4S, allowing for transport on commercial aircraft, and was demonstrated on the Prisma satellite in 2010. Special handling is not required. LMP-103S could replace hydrazine as the most commonly used monopropellant.[3][4]

The ADN-based monopropellant FLP-106 is reported to have improved properties relative to LMP-103S, including higher performance (ISP of 259 s vs. 252 s) and density (1.362 g/cm3 vs. 1.240 g/cm3).[5]

  1. ^ a b c d "Ammonium dinitramide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  2. ^ a b Östmark, H.; Bemm, U.; Langlet, A.; Sandén, R.; Wingborg, N. (1 June 2000). "The properties of ammonium dinitramide (ADN): Part 1, basic properties and spectroscopic data". Journal of Energetic Materials. 18 (2–3): 123–138. Bibcode:2000JEnM...18..123O. doi:10.1080/07370650008216116. ISSN 0737-0652. S2CID 94304770.
  3. ^ "Green propellant LMP 103S". ecaps.se. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  4. ^ Persson, Mathias; Anflo, Kjell; Friedhoff, Pete (2019). "Flight Heritage of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Based High Performance Green Propulsion (HPGP) Systems". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 44 (9): 1073–1079. doi:10.1002/prep.201900248. ISSN 0721-3115.
  5. ^ Larsson, Anders; Wingborg, Niklas (2011-02-14). "Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)" (PDF). In Hall, Jason (ed.). Advances in Spacecraft Technologies. InTech. doi:10.5772/13640. ISBN 978-953-307-551-8.