- Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829
- Ancistrus Kner, 1854
- Andeancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga-Salazar, 2015 [1]
- Araichthys Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016 [2]
- Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989
- Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846
- Cordylancistrus Isbrücker, 1980
- Corymbophanes C. H. Eigenmann, 1909
- Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985
- Dolichancistrus Isbrücker, 1980
- Exastilithoxus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979
- Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862
- Hopliancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989
- Hypancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991
- Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904
- Leporacanthicus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989
- Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910
- Megalancistrus Isbrücker, 1980
- Micracanthicus Lujan & Armbruster, 2011
- Neblinichthys Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986
- Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001
- Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889
- Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862
- Paulasquama Armbruster & Taphorn, 2011
- Peckoltia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912
- Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862
- Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862
- Pseudolithoxus Isbrücker & Werner, 2001
- Pseudoqolus Lujan, Cramer, Covain, Fisch-Muller & López-Fernández, 2017[3]
- Scobinancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989
- Soromonichthys Lujan & Armbruster, 2011
- Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987
- Transancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga-Salazar, 2015 [1]
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