Anti-CRISPR

Anti-CRISPR (AcrIIA4 protein)
AcrIIA4 structure obtained from PDB with JSmol viewer.
Identifiers
OrganismListeria monocytogenes prophages
SymbolAcrIIA4
PDB5XN4
UniProtA0A247D711
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
Part of a series on
CRISPR
 
Genome editing: CRISPR-Cas

variants:

Anti-CRISPR - CIRTS - CRISPeY
CRISPR-Cas10 - CRISPR-Cas13 - CRISPR-BEST
CRISPR-Disp - CRISPR-Gold - CRISPRa - CRISPRi
Easi-CRISPR - FACE
Enzyme
Cas9 - FokI - EcoRI - PstI - SmaI
HaeIII - Cas12a (Cpf1) - xCas9
Applications
CAMERA - ICE - Genética dirigida
other Genome editing method:
Prime editing - Pro-AG - RESCUE - TALEN - ZFN - LEAPER

Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria.[1] CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that come from bacteriophages that infected the bacteria beforehand, and are used to defend the cell from further viral attacks.[2] Anti-CRISPR results from an evolutionary process occurred in phages in order to avoid having their genomes destroyed by the prokaryotic cells that they will infect.[3]

Before the discovery of this type of family proteins, the acquisition of mutations was the only way known that phages could use to avoid CRISPR-Cas mediated shattering, by reducing the binding affinity of the phage and CRISPR. Nonetheless, bacteria have mechanisms to retarget the mutant bacteriophage, a process that it is called "priming adaptation". So, as far as researchers currently know, anti-CRISPR is the most effective way to ensure the survival of phages throughout the infection process of bacteria.[4]

  1. ^ Nakamura M, Srinivasan P, Chavez M, Carter MA, Dominguez AA, La Russa M, et al. (January 2019). "Anti-CRISPR-mediated control of gene editing and synthetic circuits in eukaryotic cells". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 194. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..194N. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08158-x. PMC 6331597. PMID 30643127.
  2. ^ Barrangou R (February 2015). "The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond". Current Opinion in Immunology. 32: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.008. PMID 25574773.
  3. ^ Stanley SY, Borges AL, Chen KH, Swaney DL, Krogan NJ, Bondy-Denomy J, Davidson AR (September 2019). "Anti-CRISPR-Associated Proteins Are Crucial Repressors of Anti-CRISPR Transcription". Cell. 178 (6): 1452–1464.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.046. PMC 6754177. PMID 31474367.
  4. ^ Maxwell KL (October 2017). "The Anti-CRISPR Story: A Battle for Survival". Molecular Cell. 68 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.002. PMID 28985512.