The anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire ranged from 395 till 567. Anti-paganism laws were enacted by the Byzantine Emperors Arcadius,[1][2][3][4][5] Honorius,[6][7][8] Theodosius II,[9][10] Marcian[11] and Leo I the Thracian. They reiterated previous legal bans, especially on pagan religious rites and sacrifices and increased the penalties for their practice. The pagan religions had still many followers but they were increasingly obliged to keep under cover to formally comply with the edicts.[12][13][14] Significant support for paganism was present among Roman nobles,[15] senators, magistrates,[16] imperial palace officers,[17] and other officials.[16]
Many Christians pretended to be such while continuing pagan practices,[18] and many converted back to paganism; numerous laws against apostasy kept being promulgated and penalties increased since the time of Gratian and Theodosius.[19][20][21][22] pagans were openly voicing their resentment in historical works, like the writings of Eunapius and Olympiodorus, and books blaming the Christian hegemony for the 410 Sack of Rome. Christians destroyed almost all such pagan political literature, and threatened copyists with cutting off their hands.[23][24]
Laws declared that buildings belonging to known pagans and heretics were to be appropriated by the churches.[25][26][27] St. Augustine exhorted his congregation in Carthage to smash all tangible symbols of paganism they could lay their hands on.[26]
The persecution was somewhat reduced in some periods under the influence of the high-ranking general Stilicho[12][28][29][30] and under the "usurper" Joannes Primicerius;[31] a revival was attempted by Anthemius from 467.[32][33]
TheodosianCode2.8.22
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.13
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.14
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.16and15.1.36
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode15.6.1-2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).GibbonCh28N54
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.19
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.5.63
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).ConstitutionesSirmondianae6
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).JustinianCode1.11.7
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).GibbonCh28
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.7.7
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).JustinianCode1.11.8
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).SidoniusEpistle1.11.6
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.5.46
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Zosimus5.46
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.24
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.5.51
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.7.1-6
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).JustinianCode1.7.2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.25
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).MacMullen1986p4
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Kirsch1997p279
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).ConstitutionesSirmondianae12
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).MacMullen1984
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.5.43
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.15
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.17
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.10.18
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TheodosianCode16.2.47
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).PhotiusBibliotheca242
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).MarcellinusChronicle468
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).