Archaeplastida

Archaeplastida
Conifer trees, grasses, algae, and shrubs in and around Sprague River, Oregon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: CAM
Clade: Archaeplastida
Adl et al., 2005[1]
Subgroups
Synonyms
  • Plantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981[4]
  • Primoplastobiota Reviers, 2002[citation needed]
  • Primoplantae Palmer et al. 2004[5]

The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae sensu lato "in a broad sense"; pronounced /ɑːrkɪˈplæstɪdə/) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor group glaucophytes.[6] It also includes the non-photosynthetic lineage Rhodelphidia, a predatorial (eukaryotrophic) flagellate that is sister to the Rhodophyta, and probably the microscopic picozoans.[7] The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting that they were acquired directly through a single endosymbiosis event by phagocytosis of a cyanobacterium.[8] All other groups which have chloroplasts, besides the amoeboid genus Paulinella, have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes, suggesting they were acquired secondarily from red or green algae.[note 1] Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events.[10]

The cells of the Archaeplastida typically lack centrioles and have mitochondria with flat cristae. They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose, and food is stored in the form of starch. However, these characteristics are also shared with other eukaryotes. The main evidence that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group comes from genetic studies, which indicate their plastids probably had a single origin. This evidence is disputed.[11][12] Based on the evidence to date, it is not possible to confirm or refute alternative evolutionary scenarios to a single primary endosymbiosis.[13] Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as brown algae) do not belong to the Archaeplastida.

The archaeplastidans fall into two main evolutionary lines. The red algae are pigmented with chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins, like most cyanobacteria, and accumulate starch outside the chloroplasts. The green algae and land plants – together known as Viridiplantae (Latin for "green plants") or Chloroplastida – are pigmented with chlorophylls a and b, but lack phycobiliproteins, and starch is accumulated inside the chloroplasts.[14] The glaucophytes have typical cyanobacterial pigments, but their plastids (called cyanelles) differ in having a peptidoglycan outer layer.[1]

Archaeplastida should not be confused with the older and obsolete name Archiplastideae, which refers to cyanobacteria and other groups of bacteria.[15][16]

  1. ^ a b Adl, S.M.; et al. (2005). "The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873. S2CID 8060916.
  2. ^ Yazaki, Euki; Yabuki, Akinori; Imaizumi, Ayaka; Kume, Keitaro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Inagaki, Yuji (31 August 2021). "Phylogenomics invokes the clade housing Cryptista, Archaeplastida, and Microheliella maris". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.08.29.458128.
  3. ^ Schön, M.E.; Zlatogursky, V.V.; Singh, R.P.; et al. (17 November 2021). "Single cell genomics reveals plastid-lacking Picozoa are close relatives of red algae". Nature Communications. 12: 6651 (1): 6651. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6651S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8599508. PMID 34789758.
  4. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?"". BioSystems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. Bibcode:1981BiSys..14..461C. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference palmer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Ball, S.; Colleoni, C. (January 2011). "The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (6). Cenci, U.; Raj, J.N.; Tirtiaux, C.: 1775–1801. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq411. PMID 21220783.
  7. ^ Picozoans Are Algae After All: Study | The Scientist Magazine®
  8. ^ Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2020). "Predatory flagellates – the new recently discovered deep branches of the eukaryotic tree and their evolutionary and ecological significance" (PDF). Protistology. 14 (1). doi:10.21685/1680-0826-2020-14-1-2.
  9. ^ Wetherbee, Richard; Jackson, Christopher J.; Repetti, Sonja I.; Clementson, Lesley A.; Costa, Joana F.; van de Meene, Allison; Crawford, Simon; Verbruggen, Heroen (9 December 2018). "The golden paradox – a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes". Journal of Phycology. 22 (2): 257–278. doi:10.1111/jpy.12822. hdl:11343/233613. PMID 30536815. S2CID 54477112.
  10. ^ Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances
  11. ^ Parfrey. L. W.; Barbero, E.; Lasser, E; et al. (December 2006). "Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity". PLOS Genetics. 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMC 1713255. PMID 17194223.
  12. ^ Kim, E; Graham, L. E. (July 2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431.
  13. ^ Mackiewicz, P.; Gagat, P. (2014). "Monophyly of Archaeplastida supergroup and relationships among its lineages in the light of phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. Are we close to a consensus?". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 83 (4): 263–280. doi:10.5586/asbp.2014.044.
  14. ^ Viola, R.; Nyvall, P.; Pedersén, M. (2001). "The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1474): 1417–1422. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1644. PMC 1088757. PMID 11429143.
  15. ^ Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, p. 29, [1].
  16. ^ Bessey, C. E. (1907). "A Synopsis of Plant Phyla". Univ. Nebraska Studies. 7: 275–358.


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