Argentina

For other uses, see Argentina (disambiguation).
"The Argentine" redirects here. For other uses, see Argentine (disambiguation).
"República Argentina" redirects here. For the metro station, see República Argentina (Madrid Metro).

Argentine Republic[A]
República Argentina (Spanish)
Motto: 
Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino
("Argentine National Anthem")
Sol de Mayo[2]
(Sun of May)
Argentine territory in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled by Argentina in light green
Argentine territory in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled by Argentina in light green
Capital
and largest city
Buenos Aires
34°36′S 58°23′W / 34.600°S 58.383°W / -34.600; -58.383
Official languagesSpanish (de facto)[a]
Co-official languages
Religion
(2019)[7]
  • 20.5% no religion
  • 1.3% other
Demonym(s)
GovernmentFederal presidential republic
• President
Javier Milei
Victoria Villarruel
Guillermo Francos
Martín Menem
Horacio Rosatti
LegislatureNational Congress
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence 
from Spain
25 May 1810
• Declared
9 July 1816
1 May 1853
Area
• Total
2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi)[B] (8th)
• Water (%)
1.57
Population
• 2024 estimate
Neutral increase 47,067,441[9] (32nd)
• 2022 census
Neutral increase 46,044,703[10] (32nd)
• Density
16.6/km2 (43.0/sq mi)[8] (178th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Decrease $1.354 trillion[11] (30th)
• Per capita
Decrease $28,704[11] (69th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Decrease $604.382 billion[11] (24th)
• Per capita
Decrease $12,814[11] (71st)
Gini (2022)Positive decrease 40.7[12]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.849[13]
very high (48th)
CurrencyArgentine peso ($) (ARS)
Time zoneUTC−3 (ART)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drives onright[b]
Calling code+54
ISO 3166 codeAR
Internet TLD.ar
  1. ^ Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts thus making it the de facto official language.
  2. ^ Since 10 June 1945, but trains are still driven on left.

Argentina,[a] officially the Argentine Republic,[b] is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi),[B] making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica.

The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period.[14] The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century.[15] Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata,[16] a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration, mainly Italians and Spaniards, influencing its culture and demography.[17][18][19][20]

Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Perón, ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in 1976. The following military junta, which was supported by the United States, persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as president in 1983.

Argentina is a regional power, and retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs.[21][22][23] A major non-NATO ally of the United States,[24] Argentina is a developing country with the second-highest HDI (human development index) in Latin America after Chile.[25] It maintains the second-largest economy in South America, and is a member of G-15 and G20. Argentina is also a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Mercosur, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States.

  1. ^ Constitution of Argentina, art. 35.
  2. ^ Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Corrientes-5598 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? [La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.] (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..]
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference kom was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin [Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut...
  7. ^ "Argentina Religions - Demographics". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  8. ^ a b "Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010". Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on 8 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Proyecciones y estimaciones". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  10. ^ "El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina". Página/12. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes, es decir, 5.927.607 de personas más que las relevadas en el último censo, en 2010. En mayo de 2022, pocos días después del relevamiento, el INDEC había difundido los primeros resultados preliminares, que indicaban que la población argentina tenía 47.327.407 habitantes. Sin embargo el dato fue corregido esta tarde.
  11. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Argentina)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference gini was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  14. ^ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17.
  15. ^ Crow 1992, p. 128.
  16. ^ Levene 1948, p. 11: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."; Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–97: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."; Vanossi 1964, p. 11: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."
  17. ^ Gordon A. Bridger (2013). Britain and the Making of Argentina. WIT Press. p. 101. ISBN 9781845646844. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links
  18. ^ Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
  19. ^ "Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre" [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures] (PDF) (in Italian). Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  20. ^ O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Wood 1988, p. 18; Solomon 1997, p. 3.
  22. ^ Huntington 2000, p. 6; Nierop 2001, p. 61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."; Lake 2009, p. 55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p. 283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."; Malamud 2011, p. 9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."; Boughton 2012, p. 101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."
  23. ^ Morris 1988, p. 63: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."; Adler & Greve 2009, p. 78: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."; Ruiz-Dana et al. 2009, p. 18: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."
  24. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally Status". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 | countryeconomy.com". countryeconomy.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.


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