Armand Hammer

Armand Hammer
Hammer in 1982
Born(1898-05-21)May 21, 1898
New York City, U.S.
DiedDecember 10, 1990(1990-12-10) (aged 92)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma materColumbia University (B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921)
OccupationBusiness magnate
Spouses
(m. 1927; div. 1943)
Angela Carey Zevely
(div. 1954)
Frances Barrett Tolman
(m. 1956; died 1989)
ChildrenJulian Armand Hammer
Relatives

Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898[1]: 16  – December 10, 1990) was an American business manager and owner. He spent decades with Occidental Petroleum in the mid 20th century.[2] Called "Lenin's chosen capitalist" by the press, he was also known for his art collection and his close ties to the Soviet Union.[3][4][5]

Hammer's business interests around the world and his "citizen diplomacy" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Untold was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation". FundingUniverse. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  3. ^ Epstein 1996, p. 9.
  4. ^ "Lenin's capitalist friend". The Economist. No. 6558. London. May 3, 1969. p. 76.
  5. ^ "Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade". Christian Science Monitor. July 3, 1980. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.