Artisanal mining

Artisanal gold mines near Dodoma, Tanzania. Makeshift sails lead fresh air underground.

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a blanket term for a type of subsistence mining involving a miner who may or may not be officially employed by a mining company but works independently, mining minerals using their own resources, usually by hand.[1]

While there is no completely coherent definition for ASM, artisanal mining generally includes miners who are not officially employed by a mining company and use their own resources to mine. As such, they are part of an informal economy. ASM also includes, in small-scale mining, enterprises or individuals that employ workers for mining, but who generally still use similar manually-intensive methods as artisanal miners (such as working with hand tools). In addition, ASM can be characterized as distinct from large-scale mining (LSM) by less efficient extraction of pure minerals from the ore, lower wages, decreased occupational safety, benefits, and health standards for miners, and a lack of environmental protection measures.[2]

Artisanal miners often undertake the activity of mining seasonally. For example, crops are planted in the rainy season, and mining is pursued in the dry season. However, they also frequently travel to mining areas and work year-round. There are four broad types of ASM:[3]

  1. Permanent artisanal mining
  2. Seasonal (annually migrating during idle agriculture periods)
  3. Rush-type (massive migration, pulled often by commodity price jumps)
  4. Shock-push (poverty-driven, following conflict or natural disasters).
Interior of an artisanal mine near Low's Creek, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The human figures, exploring this mine, show the scale of tunnels driven entirely with hand tools (two-kilogram (4.4 lb) hammer and hand-forged scrap-steel chisel).

ASM is an important socio-economic sector for the rural poor in many developing nations, many of whom have few other options for supporting their families. Over 90% of the world's mining workforce are engaged in ASM, with an estimated 40.5 million people directly engaged in ASM, from over 80 countries in the global south. More than 150 million people indirectly depend on ASM for their livelihood. 70–80% of small-scale miners are informal, and approximately 30% are women, although this ranges in certain countries and commodities from 5% to 80%.[4]

  1. ^ "Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining". Intergovernmental Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  2. ^ OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Third Edition. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016. doi:10.1787/9789264252479-en. ISBN 978-92-64-25238-7.
  3. ^ "Addressing Forced Labor in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM)" (PDF). responsiblemines.org. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  4. ^ "Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead" (PDF). siteresources.worldbank.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2018.