Based on combination of clinical observation of behavior and development and comprehensive diagnostic testing completed by a team of qualified professionals (including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, pediatricians, and speech-language pathologists). For adults, the use of a patient's written and oral history of autistic traits becomes more important
Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder[a] (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behavior. Autism generally affects a person's ability to understand and connect with others, as well as their adaptability to everyday situations, with its severity and support needs varying widely across the spectrum. For example, some are nonspeaking, while others have very proficient spoken language.
A formal diagnosis of ASD according to either the DSM-5 or the World Health Organization's ICD-11 criteria requires not merely the presence of ASD symptoms, but symptoms that cause significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning, in addition to being atypical or excessive for the individual's age and sociocultural context.[11][12]
The DSM-5 and ICD-11 classify autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder,[11][12] but the autism rights movement (and some researchers) see autistic people as part of humanity's natural neurodiversity.[13][14] From this point of view, autistic people may also be diagnosed with a disability of some sort, but that disability may be rooted in the systemic structures of a society rather than in the person;[15] thus, proponents argue that autistic people should be accommodated rather than cured.[16] On the contrary, other scientists argue that many of the impairments associated with ASD are inherent to the disorder.[17][18]
The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities.[19][20]
There is no cure for autism. Advocates of autistic people argue that efforts to find a cure are misguided and even harmful.[32]Early intervention services based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) aim to teach children self-care and normative social and language skills.[33][34][35][36] Some in the autism rights movement consider ABA therapy unethical and unhelpful due to a perception that it emphasizes normalization instead of acceptance and its potential for causing harms.[37][38][39] Curtailing self-soothing behaviors is potentially classifiable as a form of abuse.[40]Speech and occupational therapy, as well as augmentative and alternative modes of communication, are effective adjunctive therapies. Pharmacological treatments may also be useful; the atypical antipsychoticsrisperidone and aripiprazole have shown to alleviate comorbid irritability, though they tend to be associated with sedation and weight gain.[41] Melatonin supplementation has been shown to improve insomnia related to autism spectrum disorder.[42] Stimulant therapy may improve mental processing speed when there is comorbid ADHD.[43]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Bertelli MO, Azeem MW, Underwood L, Scattoni ML, Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Sappok T, Bergmann T, Keller R (2022), Bertelli MO, Deb S(, Munir K, Hassiotis A (eds.), "Autism Spectrum Disorder", Textbook of Psychiatry for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 391, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_16, ISBN978-3-319-95720-3, retrieved 8 June 2022, Persons with autism spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have transgender identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.
^Kirkham P (1 April 2017). "'The line between intervention and abuse' – autism and applied behaviour analysis". History of the Human Sciences. 30 (2): 107–126. doi:10.1177/0952695117702571. ISSN0952-6951. S2CID152017417.