B. R. Ambedkar

B. R. Ambedkar
B. R. Ambedkar
	Ambedkar in the 1950s
1st Minister of Law and Justice
	In office; 15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charu Chandra Biswas
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha; from Bombay State
	In office; 3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956
Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee
	In office; 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950
Member of the Constituent Assembly of India
	In office; 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950
Constituency	• Bengal Province (1946–47); • Bombay Province (1947–50)
Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council
	In office; 22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946
Governors General	The Marquess of Linlithgow; The Viscount Wavell
Preceded by	Feroz Khan Noon
Constituency
Legislative positions
Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly
	In office; 1937–1942
Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly
	In office; 1937–1942
Constituency	Bombay City (Byculla and Parel) General Urban
Member of the Bombay Legislative Council
	In office; 1926–1937
Personal details
Born	Bhiva Ramji Sakpal; 14 April 1891; Mhow, Central India Agency, British India
Died	6 December 1956 (aged 65); New Delhi, India
Resting place	Chaitya Bhoomi; 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E / 19.02500°N 72.83389°E
Political party	Independent Labour Party; Scheduled Castes Federation
Other political; affiliations	Republican Party of India
Spouses	Ramabai Ambedkar (m. 1906; died 1935); Savita Ambedkar (m. 1948);
Children	Yashwant
Relatives	Ambedkar family
Education	University of Mumbai (BA, MA); Columbia University (MA, PhD); London School of Economics (MSc, DSc)
Profession	Jurist; economist; politician; social reformer; writer;
Awards	Bharat Ratna; (1990, posthumous)
Signature
Nickname	Babasaheb

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian social reformer and political leader who headed the committee which produced the final draft of the Constitution of India based on the debates of the Constituent Assembly of India on the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, the Assembly's Constitutional Adviser. Ambedkar served as Law and Justice minister in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru; and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement after renouncing Hinduism.

After graduating from Elphinstone College, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied economics at Columbia University and the London School of Economics, receiving doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian students to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[1] He also trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early career, he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for partition, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[2]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used by followers honours him. He is also referred to by the nickname Babasaheb (BAH-bə SAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

^ Krishnamurty, J. (2020), "Ambedkar's Educational Odyssey, 1913–1927", Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 5 (2), SAGE: 1–11, doi:10.1177/2394481119900074, ISSN 2394-4811, S2CID 212824611, (p. 2) Ambedkar obtained his London DSc degree in 1923 for his thesis 'Problem of the Rupee' (University of London, 1926). However, he was not the first Indian to achieve this feat. Records of the London University clearly show that John Matthai and Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay (more popularly known as Pramathanath Banerjea) obtained their DSc degrees from the university in 1916. ... (p. 3) Turning to US doctorates, while Ambedkar was one of the early Indians to work for a PhD in the USA, he was awarded his degree by Columbia University only in 1927. The first Indian PhD in Economics in the USA was probably Rajani Kanta Das, a labour economist, who worked with Professor John Commons and was awarded the PhD degree by the University of Wisconsin in 1917.
^ Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0691157863.

[krishnamurty-ambedkar-education-1] Krishnamurty, J. (2020), "Ambedkar's Educational Odyssey, 1913–1927", Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 5 (2), SAGE: 1–11, doi:10.1177/2394481119900074, ISSN 2394-4811, S2CID 212824611, (p. 2) Ambedkar obtained his London DSc degree in 1923 for his thesis 'Problem of the Rupee' (University of London, 1926). However, he was not the first Indian to achieve this feat. Records of the London University clearly show that John Matthai and Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay (more popularly known as Pramathanath Banerjea) obtained their DSc degrees from the university in 1916. ... (p. 3) Turning to US doctorates, while Ambedkar was one of the early Indians to work for a PhD in the USA, he was awarded his degree by Columbia University only in 1927. The first Indian PhD in Economics in the USA was probably Rajani Kanta Das, a labour economist, who worked with Professor John Commons and was awarded the PhD degree by the University of Wisconsin in 1917.

[2] Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0691157863.

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