Babak Fort

Babak Fort
bayrag
Near Kalibar City in Iran
Babak Castle
TypeCitadel

Pāpak Fort or Babak Castle[1] (Persian: قلعه بابک), ″Ghal’eh-e  Bābak″ is a large citadel on the top of a mountain in the Arasbaran forests, 50 km from Ahar, one parasang from Ardabil, 6 km southwest of Kalibar City in northwestern Iran.[2][3] According to Ibn al- Nadim, it was the stronghold of Javidhan and Babak Khorramdin, the leaders of the Khurramites in Iranian Azerbaijan who fought the Islamic caliphate of Abbassids.[1][4] The fort was conquered and ruined by Afshin′s army in 837.[5][6][7][8]

  1. ^ a b Burke, Andrew and Elliott. Mark (2008) Iran Lonely Planet, Footscray, Victoria, Australia, page 159, ISBN 978-1-74104-293-1
  2. ^ Scot Aghaie, Kamran; Marashi, Afshin (2014). Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292757493.
  3. ^ Ubaydallah Ibn Khordadbeh, Abu al-Qasim (1990). Kitab Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (كتاب المسالك و الممالك) Book of the Roads and Kingdoms. Dar Sader. ISBN 978-9953135458.
  4. ^ ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad (1872). Müller, August (ed.). Kitâb al-Fihrist. F. C. W. Vogel.
  5. ^ "AFŠĪN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  6. ^ Crone, Patricia (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139510769.
  7. ^ "BĀBAK ḴORRAMI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  8. ^ Bahramian, Ali; Hirtenstein, Stephen; Gholami, Rahim (2013-12-04). "Bābak Khurram-Dīn". Encyclopaedia Islamica.