Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai (Pohai) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 698–926 | |||||||||||||||||||
![The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King Seon (Xuan) of Balhae.[1][2]](view_image.php?q=Balhae&sq=Qlik&lang=&file=File:Balhae-Territory_in_830.JPG) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Dongmo Mountain (698–742) Central capital (742–756) Upper capital (756–785) Eastern capital (785–793) Upper capital (793–926)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Balhae | ||||||||||||||||||
| Co-official languages | Goguryeo (Koreanic), Proto-Tungusic, Classical Chinese (literary) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism,[4][5] Shamanism,[6] Confucianism[citation needed] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||||||||
• 698–719 | Go (Gao) (first) | ||||||||||||||||||
• 719–737 | Mu (Wu) | ||||||||||||||||||
• 737–793 | Mun (Wen) | ||||||||||||||||||
• 818–830 | Seon (Xuan) | ||||||||||||||||||
• 907–926 | Dae Inseon (Da Yinzhuan) (last) | ||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns | 696 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Establishment in Tianmenling | 698 | ||||||||||||||||||
• "Balhae" as a kingdom name | 713 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Fall of Sang-gyeong | 14 January 926 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||
• 10th century | 1.5–4 million | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | China North Korea Russia | ||||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul | 발해 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 渤海 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Alternative Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 진국 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 震國 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 渤海 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Russian name | |||||||||
| Russian | Бохай | ||||||||
| Romanization | Bohai | ||||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||||
| Manchu script | ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ | ||||||||
| Romanization | Puhai | ||||||||
Balhae,[b] also rendered as Bohai,[7] known by the name Bohea[8] and called Jin (Korean: 진국; Hanja: 震國; Korean pronunciation: [tɕinguk̚]) was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (震, Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. At its greatest extent it corresponded to what is today Northeast China, the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and the southeastern Russian Far East.[9]
Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the Tang dynasty that saw military and political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the East".[10][11][12] Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another three centuries in the Liao and Jin dynasties before disappearing under Mongol rule.
The history surrounding the origin of the state, its ethnic composition, the modern cultural affiliation of the ruling dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a historiographical dispute between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the Mohe people and Goguryeo.
- ^ 동북아역사재단 편 (Northeast Asian History Foundation) (2007). 새롭게 본 발해사. 동북아역사재단. p. 62. ISBN 978-89-6187-003-0.
- ^ "渤海の遼東地域の領有問題をめぐって : 拂涅・越 喜・鉄利等靺鞨の故地と関連して" (PDF). Kyushu University Institutional Repository. 2003.
- ^ Kradin Nikolai Nikolaevich (2018). "Динамика урбанизационных процессов в средневековых государствах Дальнего Востока" [Dynamics of urbanization processes in the medieval states of the Far East]. Siberian historical research. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ Stoyakin Maxim Aleksandrovich (2012). Культовая архитектура Бохайского времени в северной части Кореского Полуострова [Religious cult architecture of the Bohai time in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula]. BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE OF PARHAE (BOHAI) LOCATED IN NORTHERN PART OF KOREAN PENINSULA (in Russian). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ 古畑徹 (2017). 渤海国とは何か 歴史文化ライブラリー (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. ISBN 978-4642058582.
- ^ "Буддийская культовая архитектура бохайского времени в северной части корейского полуострова".
- ^ Crossley 1997, p. 18.
- ^ Pang, Tina (3 November 2024). 海贸流珍:中国外销品中的风貌. Xianggang da xue mei shu bo wu guan. ISBN 978-962-8038-52-7.
- ^ 정석배 JUNG Suk-bae (2016). 발해의 북방경계에 대한 일고찰 (Study on northern borders of Balhae). 고구려발해연구 The Koguryo Balhae Yongu (in Korean). 54. 고구려발해학회 Association of Koguryo Balhae: 88.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
OwenMillerwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ 渤海／海東の盛国 (in Japanese).
- ^ Lee, Ki-baik (1988). A New History of Korea. Edward W. Wagner, Edward J. Schultz. Cambridge. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-674-25526-5. OCLC 1203951892.
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