Bania (caste)

Bania (also spelled Baniya, Banija, Banya, Vaniya, Vani, Vania and Vanya)^[1] is a mercantile caste mainly from the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan, with strong diasporic communities in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra (mainly Mumbai) and other northern states.^[2]^[3]^[4] Traditionally, the main occupations of the community are merchants, bankers, money-lenders, and (in modern times) owners of commercial enterprises.^[5]^[6]

^ Haynes, Douglas E. (30 October 1991). Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06725-7.
^ Cite error: The named reference Schrader1997 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Hanks2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^
Other citations for native and diaspora region
- Anthony Webster; Ulbe Bosma; Jaime de Melo (13 October 2015). Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. ISBN 9781137463920. By the late eighteenth century, a large number of Bania and Parsi merchants had relocated to Bombay.
- Aniketh Aga (2021). Genetically Modified Democracy: Transgenic Crops in Contemporary India. Yale University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780300262582.
- Jeffery, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (31 March 2014). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE Publications. p. 74. ISBN 978-93-5150-428-3.
- Mahavir Singh (2005). Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies. p. 61. ISBN 9788179750872. John Malcolm, a British traveller, wrote in 1829, 'almost every businessman in Madhya Pradesh is a Baniya. Most of them are Marwaris from Rajasthan and some from Gujarat'
^ Hardiman, David (1996b). "Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India". Past & Present (152): 113–156. doi:10.1093/past/152.1.113. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 651058.
^ Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312116. S2CID 145722413.

[1] Haynes, Douglas E. (30 October 1991). Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06725-7.

[Schrader1997-2] Cite error: The named reference Schrader1997 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hanks2003-3] Cite error: The named reference Hanks2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] Other citations for native and diaspora region
Anthony Webster; Ulbe Bosma; Jaime de Melo (13 October 2015). Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. ISBN 9781137463920. By the late eighteenth century, a large number of Bania and Parsi merchants had relocated to Bombay.

Aniketh Aga (2021). Genetically Modified Democracy: Transgenic Crops in Contemporary India. Yale University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780300262582.

Jeffery, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (31 March 2014). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE Publications. p. 74. ISBN 978-93-5150-428-3.

Mahavir Singh (2005). Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies. p. 61. ISBN 9788179750872. John Malcolm, a British traveller, wrote in 1829, 'almost every businessman in Madhya Pradesh is a Baniya. Most of them are Marwaris from Rajasthan and some from Gujarat'

[5] Anthony Webster; Ulbe Bosma; Jaime de Melo (13 October 2015). Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. ISBN 9781137463920. By the late eighteenth century, a large number of Bania and Parsi merchants had relocated to Bombay.

[6] Aniketh Aga (2021). Genetically Modified Democracy: Transgenic Crops in Contemporary India. Yale University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780300262582.

[7] Jeffery, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (31 March 2014). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE Publications. p. 74. ISBN 978-93-5150-428-3.

[8] Mahavir Singh (2005). Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies. p. 61. ISBN 9788179750872. John Malcolm, a British traveller, wrote in 1829, 'almost every businessman in Madhya Pradesh is a Baniya. Most of them are Marwaris from Rajasthan and some from Gujarat'

[5] Hardiman, David (1996b). "Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India". Past & Present (152): 113–156. doi:10.1093/past/152.1.113. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 651058.

[6] Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312116. S2CID 145722413.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]