| Baybars | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Misr wa al-Sham Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din | |||||
 A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars:[1] enthroned ruler and attendants in the Baptistère de Saint Louis (1320–1340).[1] | |||||
| Sultan of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277 | ||||
| Coronation | 1260 at Salihiyah | ||||
| Predecessor | Saif ad-Din Qutuz | ||||
| Successor | Al-Said Barakah | ||||
| Born | 19 July 1223 or 1228 Dasht-i Kipchak Crimea[2][3] | ||||
| Died | 1 July 1277 (aged 50/55) Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate | ||||
| Spouse | Iltutmish Khatun (likely a daughter born from a Khwarazmian Emir and a Daughter of Berke) | ||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| House | Zahiri | ||||
| Dynasty | Bahri | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Arabic: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري;[a] 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح, lit. 'Father of Conquests'), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Bahri dynasty, succeeding Qutuz. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France. He also led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260,[4] which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history.[5]
The reign of Baybars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in the Levant and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of Makuria, which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.
- ^ a b Fuess, Albrecht (2018). "Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008)" (PDF). Mamlūk Studies Review. 12 (2): 76, 84, Fig. 5. doi:10.6082/M100007Z.
- ^ Adventuring in the Englishes: Language and Literature in a Postcolonial Globalized World, Ikram Ahmed Elsherif, Piers Michael Smith. 2014. Part I; Chapter 2, p 18.
- ^ "Baybars I". Britannica. 15 February 2024.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974, p. 773/vol. 2
- ^ The history of the Mongol conquests, By J. J. Saunders, p. 115
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