BeiDou

"Beidou" redirects here. For other uses, see Beidou (disambiguation).

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Logo of BeiDou
Country/ies of origin People's Republic of China
Operator(s)China National Space Administration
TypeMilitary, commercial
StatusOperational
CoverageGlobal
Accuracy3.6 m (global, public)
2.6 m (Asia Pacific, public)
10 cm (encrypted)[1]
Constellation size
Nominal satellites30
Current usable satellites35
First launch31 October 2000
Last launch23 June 2020[2]
Total launches59[3]
Orbital characteristics
Regime(s)GEO, IGSO, MEO
Orbital period7⁄13 sd or 12 hours and 53 minutes
Revisit period7 sidereal days
Websiteen.beidou.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata
Geodesy
Fundamentals
Concepts
Technologies
Standards (history)
NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929
OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
ED50 European Datum 1950
SAD69 South American Datum 1969
GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980
ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983
NAD 83 North American Datum 1983
WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984
NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988
ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS; Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; pinyin: běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned and operated by the China National Space Administration.[4] It provides geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites.[5] It does not require the user to transmit any data and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the BDS positioning information;[6] however, concerns have been raised about embedded malware leaking information in this way.[7]

The current service, BeiDou-3 (third-generation BeiDou), provides full global coverage for timing and navigation, along with Russia's GLONASS, the European Galileo, and the US's GPS.[8] It consists of satellites in three different orbits, including 24 satellites in medium-circle orbits (covering the world), 3 satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits (covering the Asia-Pacific region), and 3 satellites in geostationary orbits (covering China). The BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020.[9][10][11][12][13] In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing.[14]

Predecessors included BeiDou-1 (first-generation BeiDou), consisting of three satellites in a regional satellite navigation system. Since 2000, the system has mainly provided navigation services within China. In December 2012, as the design life of BeiDou-1 expired, it stopped operating.[15] The BeiDou-2 (second-generation BeiDou) system was also a regional satellite navigation system containing 16 satellites, including 6 geostationary satellites, 6 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites, and 4 medium earth orbit satellites. In November 2012, BeiDou-2 began to provide users with regional positioning services in the Asia-Pacific region.[16][17] Within the region, BeiDou is more accurate than GPS.[18]: 179 

In 2015, fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it was generating a turnover of $31.5 billion per annum for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, AutoNavi, and Norinco.[19] The industry has grown an average of over 20% in value annually to reach $64 billion in 2020.[20][21]

  1. ^ May 27, Merryl Azriel on; Space, 2013 in; Relations, International (27 May 2013). "US Department of Defense Reports on China's Space Capabilities". Space Safety Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "China puts final satellite for Beidou network into orbit -state media". Financialpost. Financial Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  3. ^ "北斗卫星发射一览表". 北斗卫星导航系统. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  4. ^ "北斗导航系统". www.cnsa.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  5. ^ Xiong, Jing; Han, Fei (1 January 2020). "Positioning performance analysis on combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 11 (1): 78–83. Bibcode:2020G&G....11...78X. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2019.11.001. ISSN 1674-9847. S2CID 214436136.
  6. ^ "The Application Service Architecture of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System" (PDF). China Satellite Navigation Office.
  7. ^ "China's Rival to GPS Navigation Carries Big Risks". Voice of America. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  8. ^ Kumar, Pavan; Srivastava, Prashant K.; Tiwari, Prasoon; Mall, R.K. (2021), "Application of GPS and GNSS technology in geosciences", GPS and GNSS Technology in Geosciences, Elsevier, pp. 415–427, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818617-6.00018-4, ISBN 978-0-12-818617-6
  9. ^ "中国北斗导航卫星再次进入密集发射期". 中国新闻社. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  10. ^ PTI, K. J. M. Varma (27 December 2018). "China's BeiDou navigation satellite, rival to US GPS, starts global services". livemint.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  11. ^ "The BDS-3 Preliminary System Is Completed to Provide Global Services". news.dwnews.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  12. ^ "China puts final satellite for Beidou network into orbit – state media". Reuters. 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  13. ^ ""数"说北斗丨北斗究竟发了多少颗卫星？_新闻_央视网(cctv.com)". m.news.cctv.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  14. ^ "Directions 2017: BeiDou's road to global service". GPS World. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  15. ^ "20年磨一剑——北斗导航系统的发展历程--中国数字科技馆". China Digital Science and Technology Museum. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  16. ^ "China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data". BBC. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  17. ^ "China's Beidou GPS-substitute opens to public in Asia". BBC. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  18. ^ Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-35258-7. OCLC 1353290533.
  19. ^ "Sky's the limit for Beidou's clients[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn". chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  20. ^ "China's answer to GPS poised to create US$156 billion industry". South China Morning Post. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  21. ^ "China's Beidou navigation system to serve $156 billion home market by 2025". Reuters. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.