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The Beijing Consensus (Chinese: 北京共识) or China Model (Chinese: 中国模式), also known as the Chinese Economic Model,[1] is the political and economic policies of the People's Republic of China (PRC)[2] that began to be instituted by Deng Xiaoping after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. The policies are thought to have contributed to China's "economic miracle" and eightfold growth in gross national product over two decades.[3][4] In 2004, the phrase "Beijing Consensus" was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo to frame China's economic development model as an alternative—especially for developing countries—to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies promoted by the IMF, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury.[5][6] In 2016, Ramo explained that the Beijing Consensus shows not that "every nation will follow China's development model, but that it legitimizes the notion of particularity as opposed to the universality of a Washington model".[7]
The term's definition is not agreed upon. Ramo has detailed it as a pragmatic policy that uses innovation and experimentation to achieve "equitable, peaceful high-quality growth", and "defense of national borders and interests",[4] whereas other scholars have used it to refer to "stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth".[8] Others criticize its vagueness, claiming that there is "no consensus as to what it stands for" other than being an alternative to the neoliberal Washington Consensus,[9] and that the term "is applied to anything that happens in Beijing, regardless of whether or not it has to do with a 'Chinese Model of Development,' or even with the People's Republic of China (PRC) per se".[10]
- ^ Zhang, Jiakun Jack (15 April 2011). "Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power" (PDF). Duke University. hdl:10161/5383. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
This paper represents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.
- ^ Zhang Weiwei, "The allure of the Chinese model" Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006.
- ^ "Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Ramowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?"
- ^ Turin, Dustin R. (2010). "China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development". Student Pulse Academic Journal. 2 (1): 13.
- ^ Maurits Elen (August 2016). "Interview: Joshua Cooper Ramo". The Diplomat.
- ^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (23 January 2014). "The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
China's stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the "Beijing Consensus"—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
salonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Dirlikwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).