Beyond CMOS

Beyond CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the scaling limits of CMOS technology.[1][2][3][4] which limits device density and speeds due to heating effects.[5]

Beyond CMOS is the name of one of the 7 focus groups in ITRS 2.0 (2013) and in its successor, the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems.

CPU Clock Scaling

CPUs using CMOS were released from 1986 (e.g. 12 MHz Intel 80386). As CMOS transistor dimensions were shrunk the clock speeds also increased. Since about 2004 CMOS CPU clock speeds have leveled off at about 3.5 GHz.

A graph of efficiency gains possible under 'more Moore' (ie, further improvements to current technology) and 'Beyond CMOS' (ie, a paradigm shift in technology). From the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems[6]

CMOS devices sizes continue to shrink – see Intel's process–architecture–optimization model (and older tick–tock model) and ITRS:

It is not yet clear if CMOS transistors will still work below 3 nm.[4] See 3 nanometer.

  1. ^ "Extending the road beyond CMOS. Hutchby 2002" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  2. ^ Nikonov, Dmitri E.; Young, Ian A. (September 2012). "Overview of Beyond-CMOS Devices and A Uniform Methodology for Their Benchmarking". arXiv:1302.0244 [cond-mat.mes-hall].
  3. ^ Bernstein; et al. (2011). "Device and Architecture Outlook for Beyond CMOS Switches". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b "Review of Advanced and Beyond CMOS FET Technologies for Radio Frequency Circuit Design. Carta 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  5. ^ Frank, D.J. (March 2002). "Power-constrained CMOS scaling limits". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 46 (2.3): 235–244. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.84.4043. doi:10.1147/rd.462.0235.
  6. ^ "Beyond CMOS" (PDF). The International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (2017 ed.). IEEE. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
  7. ^ "Samsung vows to start 10nm chip production in 2016". 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.