| Total population | |
|---|---|
| True population unknown, 269,421 identified as ethnically mixed with African and Native American on 2010 census[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (especially the Southern United States or in locations populated by Southern descendants), Oklahoma, New York and Massachusetts). | |
| Languages | |
| American English, Louisiana French, Louisiana Creole, Gullah, Tutnese, Afro-Seminole Creole, Native American languages (including Navajo, Dakota, Cherokee, Choctaw, Mvskoke, Ojibwe)[2], African languages | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Part of a series on |
| Native Americans in the United States |
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| African Americans |
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Black Indians are Native American people – defined as Native American due to being affiliated with Native American communities and being culturally Native American – who also have significant African American heritage.[3]
Historically, certain Native American tribes have had close relations with African Americans, especially in regions where slavery was prevalent or where free people of color have historically resided. Members of the Five Civilized Tribes participated in holding enslaved African Americans in the Southeast and some enslaved or formerly enslaved people migrated with them to the West on the Trail of Tears in 1830 and later during the period of Indian Removal.
In controversial actions, since the late 20th century, the Cherokee, Creek and Seminole nations tightened their rules for membership and at times excluded Freedmen who did not have at least one ancestor listed as Native American on the early 20th-century Dawes Rolls. This exclusion was later appealed in the courts, both because of the treaty conditions and in some cases because of possible inaccuracies in some of the Rolls. The Chickasaw Nation never extended citizenship to Chickasaw Freedmen.[4]
- ^ "Table 4. Two or More Races Population by Number of Races and Selected Combinations for the United States" (PDF). Census 2010 Quicktables. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ Siebens, J & T Julian. Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010. United States Census Bureau. December 2011.
- ^ Katz, William Loren (3 January 2012). Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. Simon and Schuster. p. 5. ISBN 9781442446373. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
I have defined Black Indians as people who have a dual ancestry or black people who have lived for some time with Native Americans (e.g., lived on reservations)
- ^ Reese, Linda. Freedmen. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
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