Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh

Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh
Part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Azerbaijan's military checkpoint on the Lachin corridor (top and bottom left), which was the only road connecting Artsakh to the outside world. EUMA monitors view the military checkpoint in the distance and the emergency aid convoy of trucks that Azerbaijan has blocked from entering (bottom right).
Date12 December 2022 – 30 September 2023
(9 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh
Goals
Methods
  • Blockade of multiple roads[15][16][17][18]
  • Barred entry and exit of food, supplies, and people
  • Damage or cuts to public utilities (Internet, gas, electricity) and prevention of their repair[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
  • Erection of military checkpoint
  • False environmentalism[26][27]
Resulted in
  • Scarcity and rationing of food, medical supplies, and electricity[28][29]
  • Separation of families[30][31]
  • Hundreds of people unable to receive surgeries[32][33][34]
  • Scarcity of electricity and gas
  • Depletion of water reservoirs[35][36][37]
  • Detention of independent media personnel[38]
  • Disregard for international legal rulings[39][40]
  • Closure of all schools
  • Azerbaijan launching an offensive against Artsakh in September 2023
Parties
Lead figures

Russia Kirill Kulakov (4–30 September 2023)[42]
Russia Alexander Lentsov (25 April – 4 September 2023)

Republic of Artsakh Samvel Shahramanyan (10–30 September 2023)
Republic of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan[43][44] (until 1 September 2023)

Material consequences for individuals
Death(s)4 civilians[b][45][46][47][48]
Detained2 independent journalists,[38] 5 civilians [49][50][4][51]
Workers laid off11,000, including over 50% of private sector workers [52]

The blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh was an event in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The region was disputed between Azerbaijan and the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan, which had an ethnic Armenian population and was supported by neighbouring Armenia, until the dissolution of Republic of Artsakh on 28 September 2023.[53]

On 12 December 2022, under the guise of environmental protests, the Azerbaijani government launched a blockade of the Republic of Artsakh[54][55][56] by sending citizens claiming to be eco-activists to block the Lachin corridor, a humanitarian corridor which connected Artsakh to Armenia and the outside world.[57][58][59] Disguised military personnel, civil servants, members of pro-government NGOs, and youth organisations were among the so-called activists.[60] The Azerbaijani government consolidated its blockade by seizing territory around the Lachin corridor both within Artsakh and Armenia, blocking alternative bypass routes, and installing military checkpoints.[61][62][63] Azerbaijan also sabotaged critical civilian infrastructure of Artsakh, crippling access to gas, electricity, and internet access.[20][64][65]

The blockade led to a humanitarian crisis for the population in Artsakh; imports of essential goods have been blocked, as well as humanitarian convoys of the Red Cross and the Russian peacekeepers, trapping the 120,000 residents of the region.[66][67][68] Shortages of essential goods – including electricity, fuel, and water reserves – were widespread and emergency reserves were rationed, along mass unemployment, and closures of schools and public transportation.[69][70][71][72]

Azerbaijan claimed its actions were aimed at preventing the transportation of weapons and natural resources;[73][74] Azerbaijan also said its goal was for Artsakh's "integration" into Azerbaijan, despite opposition from the population, and threatened military action.[75][76][77][78]

Numerous countries, international organizations, and human rights observers condemned the blockade and considered it to be a form of hybrid warfare,[2][79][80] ethnic cleansing,[81][82][83] and genocide.[84][85][86] Multiple international observers also considered the blockade and the inaction of the Russian peacekeepers to be violations of the tripartite ceasefire agreement signed between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Russia, which ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and guaranteed safe passage through the Lachin corridor.[87][88][89] Azerbaijan ignored calls from various countries and international organizations to restore freedom of movement through the corridor.[90][39] The blockade ended on 30 September 2023, following an Azerbaijani military offensive and the subsequent exodus of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh.[91]

  1. ^ "Azerbaijani president gives ultimatum to Karabakh authorities". Eurasianet. 30 May 2023. The president of Azerbaijan has delivered an ultimatum to de facto authorities in Nagorno Karabakh: disband your government or prepare for the consequences. He suggested Baku could easily end Armenian administration of the region through military action.
  2. ^ a b c Oltramonti, Giulia Prelz (13 March 2023). "Nagorno-Karabakh: slowly but surely, Baku is weaponising the green movement to cut off the region's supplies". The Conversation. Retrieved 13 March 2023. Azerbaijan's approach has morphed into a strategy to render Nagorno-Karabakh unviable as a de facto state. This tactic is meant to bring about an outflow of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh through the creation of a humanitarian crisis and to delegitimise the project of de facto statehood and the authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh.
  3. ^ Avedissian, Karena (1 August 2023). "The Failure of the European Union to Address the Threat of Ethnic Cleansing of Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh". Genocide Studies International. 15 (1): 34–44. doi:10.3138/GSI-2023-0012. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 261022069. Every military escalation since the 2020 War has resulted in Azerbaijani forces gaining ground, and never the other way around. This resembles creeping annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia...The EU's limited involvement in the conflict, especially inside Nagorno-Karabakh, has led to it being perceived as a reluctant partner, and has undermined its normative credentials. By not addressing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which would have entailed some restraining of Aliyev's aggressive policies against Armenians, the ethnic cleansing of Armenians is now imminent.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :c3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Saya, Bapak (20 January 2023). "Will Turkey profit from a 2023 war between Armenia and Azerbaijan?". Medya News. Retrieved 15 September 2023. Azerbaijan knows the time is ripe for another push to seize territory currently home to ethnic Armenians and de facto annex it to full Azerbaijani control, framing its actions as countering Russian influence in order to win Western acquiescence, if not open support
  6. ^ "The Crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh Is Textbook Ethnic Cleansing". Time. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Korah was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Fernandez, Alberto M. (17 March 2023). "Artsakh: Obsessions and Distractions in the Wake of the War in Ukraine - Providence". providencemag.com. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  9. ^ "A Serious Risk of Genocide: Recent Developments in Nagorno-Karabakh | City, University of London". www.city.ac.uk. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  10. ^ Castro, Elijah de (24 April 2023). "Dispatch from Artsakh: 'A Continuous Effort to Ethnically Cleanse Armenians'". Progressive.org. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  11. ^ Johnson, Josiah (1 May 2023). "Are US-Brokered Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Talks Dead on Arrival?". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  12. ^ Cook, Rhian (13 March 2023). "In Artsakh, Virtue Signalling but No Action". Institute of Welsh Affairs. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  13. ^ "California Assembly Joint Resolution 1 | 2023-2024 | Regular Session CA AJR1 | 2023-2024". LegiScan. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  14. ^ "No Sanctions Against Azerbaijan, Blockade of Lachin Corridor Continues". europeanconservative.com. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Rep. Schiff Introduces Resolution to Recognize Artsakh's Independence and Condemn Azerbaijan's Aggression" (PDF). schiff.house.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2023. ...on March 26, 2023, Azerbaijani troops crossed the line of contact to launch an operation to cut off a dirt road that was providing some relief from the blockade of the Lachin Corridor, in violation of the 2020 cease-fire statement
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gray-2023a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Avetisyan-2023b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stepanian-2023a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: 120,000 isolated Armenians risk humanitarian catastrophe – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023. Since 12 January, the cable for the internet connection has been sabotaged at the Azerbaijani blockade along the Lachin corridor.
  20. ^ a b "Statement Condemning the Azerbaijani Blockade of the Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. 1 February 2023. The blockade and deliberate attacks on the critical infrastructure of Artsakh are a violation of Article 11.1, Right to Adequate Standard of Living and Article 12, The Right to Healthcare of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference CuttingOff was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Armenia Caucus Leaders Introduce Resolution Condemning Azerbaijan's Blockade of Artsakh". Congressman Frank Pallone. 8 February 2023. H. RES. 108. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Whereas Azerbaijan has taken dangerous, escalatory steps that have severely worsened the quality of life for the people living in Artsakh...through the sabotage of civilian infrastructure such as a critical natural gas pipeline, power transmission lines, and fixed-line internet.
  23. ^ "Red Flag Alert for Genocide - Azerbaijan - Update 5". Lemkin Institute. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2023. By cutting access to necessary utilities, more than 120,000 civilians (including children and the elderly), hospitals, schools, universities, and kindergartens have been, deliberately, deprived of gas, heating, and hot water.
  24. ^ Hill, Nathaniel (24 February 2023). "Genocide Emergency: Azerbaijan's Blockade of Artsakh". genocidewatch. Retrieved 8 May 2023. Azerbaijan has repeatedly turned off the supply of natural gas and electricity to Artsakh, subjecting its people to freezing temperatures.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ghazanchyan-2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pidgeon-2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gavin-2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Avetisyan, Ani; Aghayev, Ismi (4 January 2023). "Food and festivities in short supply as Nagorno-Karabakh enters new year under blockade". OC Media. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  29. ^ ""Azerbaijan is playing with fire" – Armenian political scientist". English Jamnews. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  30. ^ "Children and families affected by Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference IDA-2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ "Corridor blockade continues; more than 5,000 in NK have lost their jobs". English Jamnews. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023. The information headquarters of the NK reports that 580 people have lost the opportunity to be operated on.
  33. ^ "Lachin Corridor standoff between Azerbaijan and Armenia enters third month". Global Voices. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023. Hospitals in the region have also reported shortages of medical supplies and equipment, putting a hold on around 600 non-essential surgeries so they could tend to more urgent cases in operating rooms.
  34. ^ Slaveva, Bilyana (21 January 2023). "Lachin Corridor Protests Threaten To Reignite Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh". The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 12 June 2023. Pharmacies do not have the necessary medication, and all scheduled surgeries are postponed.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sukiasyan-2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Shahverdyan, Lilit (26 May 2023). "Six months into blockade, Nagorno-Karabakh faces energy crisis as key reservoir dries up". Eurasianet. The Sarsang Reservoir in Armenian-administered Nagorno-Karabakh is reaching critically low levels...On January 9, the Nagorno-Karabakh government began implementing rolling blackouts since the region was now entirely dependent on its own generation capacity...
  37. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh's newest battle is over water". POLITICO. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023. Water levels at the Sarsang Hydro Power Plant have dropped by 33 meters to just 15 percent of their maximum, operators say, claiming they could "quickly run out" altogether and spark a catastrophe for the tens of thousands of people living in the isolated territory, as well as the environment around them.
  38. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Meydan2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ a b "Statement on Azerbaijan s Noncompliance with February 22nd ICJ Order to Unblock Lachin Corridor". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  40. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights - European Court decides to indicate interim measures in the "Lachin Corridor"" (PDF). hudoc.echr.coe.int. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  41. ^ "Azerbaijan demands Karabakh mine access as condition to end protests blocking road". euronews. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  42. ^ "Кирилл Кулаков стал командующим миротворцами в Нагорном Карабахе". www.vedomosti.ru.
  43. ^ "Putin's Former Judo Sparring Partner Flees Russia". Newsweek. 2 December 2022.
  44. ^ "Thousands rally in Nagorno-Karabakh to protest land blockade". France 24. 25 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  45. ^ Բադալյան, Սուսան (21 December 2022). "Արցախում բուժօգնության կարիք ունեցող ծանր հիվանդներից մեկը մահացել է". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 23 January 2023.Արցախում բուժօգնության կարիք ունեցող ծանր հիվանդներից մեկը մահացել է
  46. ^ ""Every minute counts in an emergency" – Healthcare Minister on death of patient in Azeri blockade of Nagorno Karabakh". armenpress.am.
  47. ^ "Armenia FM: Karabakh children Leo, 3, and Gita, 6, died as consequence of serious humanitarian situation". news.am. 28 August 2023.
  48. ^ "First death from starvation reported in blockade-struck Nagorno-Karabakh". oc-media.org. 15 August 2023.
  49. ^ "Azerbaijan kidnaps Nagorno-Karabakh civilian being evacuated by Red Cross". civilnet.am. 30 July 2023.
  50. ^ "Azerbaijan arrests Nagorno-Karabakh resident for 'illegal border crossing'". oc-media.org. 2 August 2023.
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference :c4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ "During blockade, economy of Nagorno-Karabakh damaged by around $409 million". 1lurer.am. 14 July 2023.
  53. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh to dissolve, ending independence dream". France 24. AFP. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  54. ^ "Азербайджанские "активисты" блокируют дорогу из Карабаха в Армению. Одновременно в Карабахе пропал газ" [Azerbaijani "activists" are blocking the road from Karabakh to Armenia. At the same time, gas disappeared in Karabakh]. BBC News Русская Служба (in Russian).
  55. ^ Górecki, Wojciech; Strachota, Krzysztof (6 March 2023). "The undeclared war. A new phase of the Azerbaijani-Armenian conflict". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 14 June 2023. Although this venture is being spearheaded by alleged environmental activists demanding permission to monitor Karabakh's rare metal deposits...it would be impossible to carry out such an action in Azerbaijan without the cooperation of the authorities.
  56. ^ "Implementation of the common foreign and security policy – annual report 2022: Motion for a resolution Paragraph 80 a (new)" (PDF). European Parliament. 11 January 2023. The European Parliament adopted the Implementation of the common foreign and security policy – annual report 2022 resolution on January 18. The plenary session also adopted an amendment, saying the European parliament "strongly denounces Azerbaijan's illegal blockade of the Lachin corridor, in violation of the trilateral statement of 9 November 2020, as it threatens to precipitate an intentional humanitarian crisis for the people of NagornoKarabakh; demands that the Azerbaijani authorities restore freedom of movement through the Lachin corridor with immediate effect."
  57. ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan tensions rise over blocked road". news.yahoo.com. 15 December 2022. A group of Azerbaijanis claiming to be environmental activists blocked the Lachin corridor.
  58. ^ "Lachin Corridor and Nagorno-Karabakh - Hansard - UK Parliament". The report shows that they are clearly 'representatives of Azerbaijani non-governmental organizations, which are directly and exclusively financed by the Azerbaijani government, or the Heydar Aliyev Foundation headed by the first vice president and first lady of Azerbaijan. Furthermore, evidence has been registered that representatives of the Azerbaijani special services are also amongst the alleged "environmental activists" who are currently blocking the only lifeline' for Nagorno-Karabakh.
  59. ^ "France calls on Azerbaijan to reopen humanitarian corridor with Armenia". France 24. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  60. ^ "Who really are Azerbaijan's 'environmental activists' blockading Karabakh?". CIVILNET. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023. The "activists" who have been keeping Karabakh under blockade for three consecutive days now have "interesting" identities, but not for any environmental protection activities. In fact, they represent organizations that have very clear connections with the Azerbaijani government and are financed, at least in part, by the state.
  61. ^ Khulian, Artak; Stepanian, Ruzanna (31 March 2023). "Armenian Government Blamed For Fresh Azeri Territorial Gains". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 14 June 2023. Azerbaijani troops redeployed on Thursday morning to more parts of the Lachin district adjacent to the Armenian border, blocking the old [Lachin] corridor section.
  62. ^ Cite error: The named reference OC Media-2023c was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  63. ^ Loe, Catherine (27 April 2023). "Azerbaijan sets up checkpoints on the Lachin corridor". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 3 May 2023. The move [installation of a checkpoint] has increased the blockade of Nagorny Karabakh...A checkpoint on the border would give Azerbaijan the ability to stop any cars travelling between Armenia and Nagorny Karabakh.
  64. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh reports gas cut for second time since start of blockade". OC Media. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  65. ^ "Atrocity Alert No. 358: El Salvador, Nagorno-Karabakh and UN peacekeeping - El Salvador | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023. The blockade has deprived over 120,000 ethnic Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh, including 30,000 children, of life-saving resources such as food, medicine, electricity and fuel.
  66. ^ POSTON, ALEXIS (7 June 2023). "State Fragility and the Shadow of Genocide in Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia (the South Caucasus) | The Fund for Peace". fundforpeace.org. Retrieved 8 June 2023. Armenian civilians of Nagorno Karabakh and surrounding regions along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border are threatened by Azerbaijan's military and face violence if they try to leave Armenian territory within disputed areas.
  67. ^ "New Troubles in Nagorno-Karabakh: Understanding the Lachin Corridor Crisis". www.crisisgroup.org. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023. While travellers were already few due to the blockade, the ICRC reports that its ability to get people across has been curtailed [since the installation of the checkpoint], leaving only the Russian peacekeepers to facilitate trips to Armenia for medical care.
  68. ^ "June Alerts and May Trends 2023". www.crisisgroup.org. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. Checkpoint on Lachin corridor faced fierce opposition amid humanitarian crisis....Azerbaijani military consolidated [the] blockade, however, leading to even fewer crossings and reduced transportation of goods.
  69. ^ Gray, Sébastien (9 January 2023). "Artsakh Blockade Nearing 1 Month, Shortages Widespread". Atlas News. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  70. ^ Hauer, Neil (20 February 2023). "Hopelessness grows as Azerbaijan's blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh enters third month". bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  71. ^ Khulian, Artak (31 January 2023). "Azeri Blockade Leaves Thousands Of Karabakh Armenians Jobless". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  72. ^ "Uncertainty plagues Nagorno-Karabakh students pursuing higher education". CIVILNET. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023. When Azerbaijan's blockade began, kindergartens and schools were among the first institutions to be shut down due to gas supply cuts and shortages, depriving students across dozens of schools of the right to education. Since then, the operations of nearly every educational institution in Nagorno-Karabakh, including NGOs with branches in Stepanakert and across the region, have been deeply disturbed by the blockade.
  73. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Azerbaijan Says Set Up Checkpoint On Key Route To Armenia". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  74. ^ "Azerbaijan installs checkpoint on road to Nagorno-Karabakh amid fatal clashes". Politico. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  75. ^ Green, Anna (28 July 2023). ""Integration" of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians". EVN Report. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  76. ^ Ivanova, Polina (15 August 2023). "'People feel let down by Russia': disputed Caucasus enclave choked by blockade". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 August 2023. Others see the escalating humanitarian situation as a way to trigger an exodus. It is "indirect ethnic cleansing", said Giragosian, of the Regional Studies Center. "Not by bayonet, but rather by creating unbearable conditions." Suleymanov, the Azerbaijani ambassador, said Baku instead wanted to achieve full integration of the people of Nagorno-Karabakh. "They are our citizens", he said, adding that he believed they would be passport-holders soon.
  77. ^ "Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: Could it escalate again? – DW – 08/13/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 16 August 2023. However, the self-proclaimed government of Nagorno-Karabakh, made up of ethnic Armenians and calling the region the "Republic of Arzakh" since 2017, has so far refused integration into Azerbaijan.
    Azerbaijani President Aliyev doesn't seem interested in this solution, either. He has repeatedly called for the government and parliament of the "Republic of Arzakh" to be dissolved and for Armenians there to be integrated into Azerbaijan as "normal, loyal citizens." This was a condition upon which Aliyev recently offered to supply the trapped Armenians with aid — something they promptly rejected as a "poisoned" offer.
  78. ^ "Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh Remain Under Siege". europeanconservative.com. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. Negotiations in this region are at an impasse, with the Armenian enclave requesting humanitarian assistance and Azerbaijan demanding integration of the Armenians into Azerbaijan.
  79. ^ "Azerbaijan Blockades Nagorno-Karabakh Region, Angering Armenia & Raising Specter of a New War". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ... Russia is not opposed to allowing Azerbaijan use a hybrid warfare strategy such as this one, which is blockading the only corridor that's a lifeline to, quite basically, eventually pressure Armenia into an actual peace deal, into concessions ...
  80. ^ Green, Anna (20 December 2022). "Weaponizing Blockade With the Intent to Ethnically Cleanse". EVN Report. Retrieved 11 August 2023. By utilizing pseudo eco-protesters instead of military movements by Azerbaijani forces, as was the previous strategy, and causing a humanitarian crisis accompanied with false narratives and disinformation, Azerbaijan is employing hybrid warfare tactics against the Armenians. This operation is pursuing short-, mid- and long-term objectives.
  81. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gavin-2023b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  82. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bulut was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  83. ^ Johnson, Josiah (10 August 2023). "Is Nagorno-Karabakh the New Darfur?". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  84. ^ Ochab, Dr Ewelina U. "Lachin Corridor Blockade Starves Nagorno-Karabakh". Forbes. Retrieved 9 August 2023. Luis Moreno Ocampo, the founding Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, argues that "there is a reasonable basis to believe that a genocide is being committed against Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023," adding that it "should be considered a genocide under Article II (c) of the [UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide] (Genocide Convention): 'Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction.'" Ocampo further added that "There are no crematories, and there are no machete attacks. Starvation is the invisible genocide weapon. Without immediate dramatic change, this group of Armenians will be destroyed in a few weeks."
  85. ^ Ռ/Կ, «Ազատություն» (9 August 2023). "Top International Lawyer Calls Azerbaijani Blockade Of Nagorno-Karabakh Genocide". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  86. ^ Cite error: The named reference Genocide Warning: Nagorno Karabakh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  87. ^ "Azerbaijan: Blockade of Lachin corridor putting thousands of lives in peril must be immediately lifted". Amnesty International. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  88. ^ Douglas, Nadja (17 May 2023). "The Significance of the Lachin Corridor in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict". The Centre for East European and International Studies.
  89. ^ Von Joeden-Forgey and, Elisa; Victoria Massimino, Irene (6 May 2023). "Country Visit". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. Retrieved 19 May 2023. The Azerbaijani government erected this illegal checkpoint on April 23, 2023 to formalize the illegal blockade of Armenians in Artsakh...
  90. ^ "Statement by the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights on the obstruction of the Lachin Corridor". Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 4 May 2023.
  91. ^ "The Number of Residents of Karabakh Who Arrived in Armenia Exceeded 100 Thousand". 30 September 2023.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).