Boshin War

Boshin War 戊辰戦争
Part of the Meiji Restoration
The Battle of Ueno, Yoshimori Utagawa, 1869
Date January 27, 1868 – June 27, 1869 (1 year and 5 months) Location Japan Result Imperial victory End of the shogunate Restoration of imperial rule
Belligerents
1868 Imperial Court Tozama:  Satsuma Domain  Chōshū Domain Other tozama daimyōs:  Tosa Domain  Hiroshima Domain  Tsu Domain  Kubota Domain  Saga Domain  Ōgaki Domain  Yodo Domain  Hirosaki Domain  Kuroishi Domain	1868  Shogunate  Aizu Domain  Takamatsu Domain  Northern Alliance  Shōnai Domain Ōtaki Domain Matsuyama Domain Jōzai Domain Morioka Domain Kuwana Domain Defected:  Tsu Domain  Ōgaki Domain  Yodo Domain
1869  Empire of Japan	1869  Republic of Ezo
Commanders and leaders
1868–1869 Emperor: Meiji Chief of General Staff: Prince Komatsu Prince Arisugawa Taruhito Satchōdo Army: Saigō Takamori Kuroda Kiyotaka Ōmura Masujirō Yamagata Aritomo Kirino Toshiaki Itagaki Taisuke Akita Front: Tomura Daigaku Medical Advisor: William Willis[1][pages needed]	1868 Shōgun: Tokugawa Yoshinobu Commanders: Katsu Kaishū Enomoto Takeaki Matsudaira Katamori  Shinoda Gisaburō † Matsudaira Sadaaki  Tanaka Tosa † Ōkōchi Masatada  Sakai Tadazumi  Tatsumi Naofumi  Kondō Isami  Hijikata Toshizō † 1869 President: Enomoto Takeaki  Army: Ōtori Keisuke  Navy: Arai Ikunosuke  Advisors: Jules Brunet Eugène Collache
Strength
120,000	150,000
Casualties and losses
1,125+ killed and wounded	4,550+ killed, wounded and captured
Total: 8,200 killed and 5,000+ wounded[2]

The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, Boshin Sensō), sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperial Court.

The war stemmed from dissatisfaction among many nobles and young samurai with the shogunate's handling of foreigners following the opening of Japan during the prior decade. Increasing Western influence in the economy led to a decline similar to that of other Asian countries at the time. An alliance of western samurai, particularly the domains of Chōshū, Satsuma, and Tosa, and court officials secured control of the Imperial Court and influenced the young Emperor Meiji. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the sitting shōgun, realizing the futility of his situation, abdicated and handed over political power to the emperor. Yoshinobu had hoped that by doing this the House of Tokugawa could be preserved and participate in the future government.

However, military movements by imperial forces, partisan violence in Edo, and an imperial decree promoted by Satsuma and Chōshū abolishing the House of Tokugawa led Yoshinobu to launch a military campaign to seize the emperor's court in Kyoto. The military tide rapidly turned in favour of the smaller but relatively modernized Imperial faction, and, after a series of battles culminating in the surrender of Edo, Yoshinobu personally surrendered. Those loyal to the Tokugawa shōgun retreated to northern Honshū and later to Hokkaidō, where they founded the Republic of Ezo. The defeat at the Battle of Hakodate broke this last holdout and left the Emperor as the de facto supreme ruler throughout the whole of Japan, completing the military phase of the Meiji Restoration.

Around 69,000 men were mobilized during the conflict, and of these about 8,200 were killed. In the end, the victorious Imperial faction abandoned its objective of expelling foreigners from Japan and instead adopted a policy of continued modernization with an eye to the eventual renegotiation of the unequal treaties with the Western powers. Due to the persistence of Saigō Takamori, a prominent leader of the Imperial faction, the Tokugawa loyalists were shown clemency, and many former shogunate leaders and samurai were later given positions of responsibility under the new government.

When the Boshin War began, Japan was already modernizing, following the same course of advancement as that of the industrialized Western nations. Since Western nations, especially the United Kingdom and France, were deeply involved in the country's politics, the installation of Imperial power added more turbulence to the conflict. Over time, the war was romanticized as a "bloodless revolution", as the number of casualties was small relative to the size of Japan's population. However, conflicts soon emerged between the western samurai and the modernists in the Imperial faction, which led to the bloodier Satsuma Rebellion nine years later.