Bracon (wasp)

Bracon
Bracon brevicornis with host
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Braconidae
Subfamily: Braconinae
Tribe: Braconini
Genus: Bracon
Fabricius, 1805
Species

500+

Bracon sp.

Bracon is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed.[1] The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm.[1]

These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs.[1] They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some Bracon wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts.[2] The eggs of the wasp can be very hardy. In one report, Bracon wasps oviposited on tortrix moth larvae, which then entered privet seeds and were consumed by birds along with the fruit. The wasp eggs were later excreted and the larvae emerged.[3]

This large genus has been divided into several subgenera, some of which are further divided into species-groups.[4] A DNA analysis showed that the genus is paraphyletic, that its subgenera and other defined groups are not all valid on a molecular basis, and that revising it into informal groups would be more practical.[5] Other authors still divide the genus into subgenera using morphological characters to make identification easier.[6]

Most of the thousands of species that fit into this genus have not yet been described, but even the number of named species is unclear, with estimates ranging from 500[7] to 1000.[5]

Species include:[8]

Bracon hebetor
  1. ^ a b c Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
  2. ^ Žikić, V., et al. (2012). Checklist of the genus Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia. Archived October 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Biologica Nyssana 3(1), 21-29.
  3. ^ Hernández, Ángel; Falcó, José Vicente (2008). "Frugivorous birds dispersing braconid parasitoids via endozoochory". Entomological Science. 11 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00283.x. S2CID 85424432.
  4. ^ Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
  5. ^ a b Belshaw, Robert; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Degerli, Naci; Quicke, Donald L. J. (2001). "Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: Evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01370.x.
  6. ^ Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael's collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 0(21).
  7. ^ Quicke, D. L. J. and M. J. Sharkey. (1989). A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. Can Ent 121 337-61.
  8. ^ Bracon. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  9. ^ Ranjith, A. P.; Quicke, Donald L. J.; Manjusha, K.; Butcher, Buntika A.; Nasser, M. (2022). "Completely predatory development is described in a braconid wasp". Scientific Reports. 12. article 1747. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05705-x. PMC 8810843. PMID 35110585. S2CID 246481177.
  10. ^ Magalhães, Diego Martins; Da Silva, Izabela Thaís Fidelis Alves; Borges, Miguel; Laumann, Raúl Alberto; Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina (27 March 2019). "Anthonomus grandis aggregation pheromone induces cotton indirect defence and attracts the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris". Journal of Experimental Botany. 70 (6): 1891–1901. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz040. Retrieved 15 September 2022.