Long Land Pattern, Short Land Pattern, Sea Service Pattern, India Pattern, New Land Pattern, New Light Infantry Land Pattern, Cavalry Carbine, Marine Carbine
"Brown Bess" is a nickname of uncertain origin for the British Army's muzzle-loading smoothbore flintlockLand Pattern Musket and its derivatives. The musket design remained in use for over a hundred years with many incremental changes in its design. These versions include the Long Land Pattern, the Short Land Pattern, the India Pattern, the New Land Pattern Musket, and the Sea Service Musket.
The Long Land Pattern musket and its derivatives, all 0.75 inches calibre flintlock muskets, were the standard long guns of the British Empire's land forces from 1722 until 1838, when they were superseded by a percussion capsmoothbore musket. The British Ordnance System converted many flintlocks into the new percussion system known as the Pattern 1839 Musket. A fire in 1841 at the Tower of London destroyed many muskets before they could be converted. Still, the Brown Bess saw service until the middle of the nineteenth century.
^Benjamin Robins, New Principles of Gunnery: Containing the Determination of the Force of Gun-Powder, 1805
^Hughes, B. P. (1974). Firepower: weapons effectiveness on the battlefield, 1630—1850. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN978-0-85368-229-5. OCLC1551982.
^Haythornthwaite, Philip (2001). Napoleonic infantry: Napoleonic Weapons and Warfare. London: Cassell. ISBN978-0-304-35509-9. OCLC43501345.
^Linder, Doug (2008). "United States vs. Miller (U.S. 1939)". Exploring Constitutional Law. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. Archived from the original on 23 November 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2008.