Bubble ring

For the bubble-blowing toy, see Soap bubble § Use in play.
Bubble ring

A bubble ring, or toroidal bubble, is an underwater vortex ring where an air bubble occupies the core of the vortex, forming a ring shape. The ring of air as well as the nearby water spins poloidally as it travels through the water, much like a flexible bracelet might spin when it is rolled on to a person's arm. The faster the bubble ring spins, the more stable it becomes.[1] The physics of vortex rings are still under active study in fluid dynamics.[2][3] Devices have been invented which generate bubble vortex rings.[4][5]

  1. ^ Yoona, SS; Heister, SD (2004). "A nonlinear atomization model based on a boundary layer instability mechanism" (PDF). Physics of Fluids. 16 (1): 47–61. Bibcode:2004PhFl...16...47Y. doi:10.1063/1.1629301. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  2. ^ Ruban, VP; Rasmussen, JJ (2003). "Toroidal bubbles with circulation in ideal hydrodynamics: A variational approach". Phys. Rev. 68 (5): 5. arXiv:physics/0306029. Bibcode:2003PhRvE..68e6301R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.056301. PMID 14682878. S2CID 11765709.
  3. ^ Wang, QX; Yeo, KS; Khoo, BC; Lam, KY (2005). "VORTEX ring modelling of toroidal bubbles" (PDF). Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics. 19 (5): 1432–2250. Bibcode:2005ThCFD..19..303W. doi:10.1007/s00162-005-0164-6. S2CID 52219528.
  4. ^ United States Patent: Simple method for the controlled production of VORTEX ring bubbles of a gas Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Issued patent: 6824125, 30 November 2004.
  5. ^ United States Patent: Simple, mechanism-free device, and method to produce VORTEX ring bubbles in liquids Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Patent number: 7300040. 27 November 2007.