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| Bungi | |
|---|---|
| Bungee, Bungie, Bungay, Bangay, the Red River Dialect | |
| Native to | Canada |
| Region | Red River Colony and Assiniboia, present-day Manitoba |
Native speakers | 5,000 in 1870; fewer than 200 in 1993; potentially extinct[1][2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | bung1271 |
 Geographical distribution of Bungee | |
 Bungee is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Bungi /ˈbʌn.ɡi/[3] (also called Bungee, Bungie, Bungay, Bangay, or the Red River Dialect) is a dialect of English with substratal influence from Scottish English, the Orcadian dialect of Scots, Norn, Scottish Gaelic, French, Cree, and Ojibwe (Saulteaux).[4][5][6] It was spoken by the Scottish Red River Métis in present-day Manitoba, Canada, and formerly in areas of Ontario and Minnesota, United States.
Bungi has been categorized as a post-creole,[7][8] with the distinctive features of the language gradually abandoned by successive generations of speakers in favour of standard Canadian English. In 1870, about 5,000 Métis were native speakers of Bungi, but by the late 1980s, only a handful of elderly speakers were known. Today, Bungi has very few if any speakers and is potentially extinct.[1][9]
Bungi was spoken in the Lower Red River Colony in the area from The Forks (where the Red River and Assiniboine River meet in what is now downtown Winnipeg) to the mouth of the Red River at Lake Winnipeg. This is the area where the English/Scottish retired Hudson's Bay Company servants generally settled.[10][11]
- ^ a b "Bungee: A language unique to Canada". Language Portal of Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Vitt, Iris; Barkwell, Lawrence. "Frank Walters" (PDF). Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture. Louis Riel Institute. p. 7. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Stobie, Margaret (2010). "The Dialect Called Bungi". In Gold, Elaine; McAlpine, Janice (eds.). Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader (PDF). pp. 207–10. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. (1996). "125. Languages of the Metis". In Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1177–78. ISBN 9783110134179. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. "Michif and other languages of the Canadian Métis". Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Blain 1989, p. 14.
- ^ Pentland, David H. (9 March 1985). Métchif and Bungee: Languages of the fur trade (Speech). Voices of Rupert's Land: Public Lectures on Language and Culture in Early Manitoba. Winnipeg Art Gallery.
- ^ Blain 1989, p. 15.
- ^ Blain, Eleanor M. (14 December 2013) [16 June 2008]. "Bungi". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Stobie, Margaret (1967–1968). "Backgrounds of the Dialect Called Bungi (16 April 1967)". Transactions of the Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society. Third Series (24). Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Blain 1989, p. 5.