Bunodes

Bunodes
Temporal range: Silurian
Restoration of B. lunula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Clade: Prosomapoda
Clade: Planaterga
Family: †Bunodidae
Genus: †Bunodes
Eichwald, 1854
Type species
†Bunodes lunula
Eichwald, 1854
Synonyms
  • Exapinurus Nieszkowski, 1859

Bunodes is a genus of synziphosurine, a paraphyletic group of fossil chelicerate arthropods.[1][2] Bunodes was regarded as part of the clade Planaterga.[3][4][5][2] Fossils of the single and type species, B. lunula, have been discovered in deposits of the Silurian period in Ludlow, England (in the United Kingdom). Bunodes is the type genus of the family Bunodidae, the other genera of the same family being Limuloides.[6][1] There are 64 direct children of Bunodes.

Bunodes is characterized by a vaulted carapace with radiated hump-like ridges.[7] Within the 10-segmented opisthosoma, the first opisthosomal tergite is greatly reduced and always covered by the posterior region of preceding carapace, while the second tergite is significantly well-developed.[7] the last 3 opisthosomal segments specialized into a narrow postabdomen and lacking tergopleurae (lateral extension of tergites).[7] Tubercles of various sizes covering most of the dorsal surface of both carapace and tergites.[7] Similar to Limuloides, Bunodes was once thought to have lateral eyes on the second pair of radiated ridges of its carapace,[7] but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.[8]

  1. ^ a b Lamsdell, James C. (2013). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  2. ^ a b Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020). "Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 98. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8...98B. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00098. ISSN 2296-6463.
  3. ^ Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015). "An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (6): 645–652. doi:10.1111/zsc.12124. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 55264483.
  4. ^ Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015). "A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids". The Science of Nature. 102 (9–10): 63. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...63L. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 26391849. S2CID 8153035.
  5. ^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019-12-01). "Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (8): 967–976. Bibcode:2019CRPal..18..967B. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002. ISSN 1631-0683.
  6. ^ Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. pp. 1–296.
  7. ^ a b c d e Eldredge, Niles; Smith, LeGrande (1974). "Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (2543). hdl:2246/2745.
  8. ^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14). "New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 187 (4): 1061–1077. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065. ISSN 0024-4082.