Calprotectin

Calprotectin is a complex of the mammalian proteins S100A8 and S100A9.[1][2] Other names for calprotectin include MRP8-MRP14, calgranulin A and B, cystic fibrosis antigen, L1, 60BB antigen, and 27E10 antigen.[2][3] The proteins exist as homodimers but preferentially exist as S100A8/A9 heterodimers or heterotetramers (calprotectin) with antimicrobial, proinflammatory and prothrombotic properties.[4][5] In the presence of calcium, calprotectin is capable of sequestering the transition metals iron,[6] manganese and zinc[2][7] via chelation.[8] This metal sequestration affords the complex antimicrobial properties.[2][7] Calprotectin is the only known antimicrobial manganese sequestration protein complex.[9] Calprotectin comprises as much as 60% of the soluble protein content of the cytosol of a neutrophil,[2][10][11] and it is secreted by an unknown mechanism during inflammation.[3] Faecal calprotectin has been used to detect intestinal inflammation (colitis or enteritis) and can serve as a biomarker for inflammatory bowel diseases.[10][12] Blood-based calprotectin (in serum and plasma) is used in diagnostics of multiple inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases, like arthritis, and severe infections including sepsis.[13][14]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lehmann 2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Stríz 2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Celio 1996 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference UniProt S100A8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference UniProt S100A9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Nakashige TG, Zhang B, Krebs C, Nolan EM (October 2015). "Human calprotectin is an iron-sequestering host-defense protein". Nature Chemical Biology. 11 (10): 765–71. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1891. PMC 4575267. PMID 26302479.
  7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Costa 2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Clark, HL; et al. (2016), "Zinc and manganese chelation by neutrophil s100a8/a9 (calprotectin) limits extracellular Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth and corneal infection", J Immunol, 196 (1): 336–344, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502037, PMC 4684987, PMID 26582948.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Brophy 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Marshall 2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gupta 2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference van Rheenen 2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Pruenster, Monika; Vogl, Thomas; Roth, Johannes; Sperandio, Markus (November 2016). "S100A8/A9: From basic science to clinical application". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 167: 120–131. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.015. ISSN 1879-016X. PMID 27492899.
  14. ^ Chan, James K.; Roth, Johannes; Oppenheim, Joost J.; Tracey, Kevin J.; Vogl, Thomas; Feldmann, Marc; Horwood, Nicole; Nanchahal, Jagdeep (August 2012). "Alarmins: awaiting a clinical response". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (8): 2711–2719. doi:10.1172/JCI62423. ISSN 1558-8238. PMC 3408740. PMID 22850880.