Carlo-francoism

Carlo-francoism (Spanish: carlofranquismo, also carlo-franquismo) was a branch of Carlism which actively engaged in the regime of Francisco Franco. Though mainstream Carlism retained an independent stand, many Carlist militants on their own assumed various roles in the Francoist system, e.g. as members of the FET y de las JONS executive, Cortes procuradores, or civil governors. The Traditionalist political faction of the Francoist regime issued from Carlism particularly held tight control over the Ministry of Justice. They have never formed an organized structure, their dynastical allegiances remained heterogeneous and their specific political objectives might have differed. Within the Francoist power strata, the carlo-francoists remained a minority faction that controlled some 5% of key posts; they failed to shape the regime and at best served as counter-balance to other groupings competing for power.

In Spanish the term appears in scientific narrative,[1] though it is mostly used as a derogatory designation intended to stigmatize and abuse;[2] the related name of carlofranquistas has filtered out from Spanish historiography[3] and public discourse[4] into the English academic language.[5] Alternative terms used are “carlistas colaboracionistas”,[6] “carlistas unificados”,[7] “carlismo franquista”,[8] “tradicionalistas pro-franquistas”,[9] “pseudotradicionalistas franquistas”,[10] “carlo-falangistas”,[11] “carlo-fascistas”,[12] "tradicionalistas del Movimiento",[13] “tacitistas”[14] or "carloenchufistas",[15] usually highly abusive and disparaging. There is no obvious corresponding but non-partisan term available.

  1. ^ see e.g. Virginia López de Maturana, Política y poder local: el ayuntamiento vitoriano durante el franquismo, [in:] Antonio Rivera (ed.), Dictadura y desarrollismo. El franquismo en Álava, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2009, ISBN 9788496845305, p. 162
  2. ^ see e.g. discussion under Antílope con Salsa de Soja, [in:] NickJournalArcadiano service 17.10.08, available here. Some highly partisan groups like Ateneo Basilio Lacort systematically use the term as stigmatization, referred after Manuel Fernández de Sevilla, No somos nada…, pero nos imputan todo, [in:] PartidoCarlista service 2017, available here
  3. ^ see e.g. Gil Pecharromán 2019, p. 212
  4. ^ see e.g. exchange of posts in a thread Sobre el carlista Jose Maria Sentis Simeon, [in:] ForoDeDebate service, May 2016, available here. For historical use, see e.g. Pajaritos, [in:] Tierra Vasca 167 (1970), available here[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ see e.g. Jeremy MacClancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000, ISBN 9780874173444, pp. 76, 92, 292
  6. ^ Manuel Santa Cruz Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vol. 3, Madrid 1979, p. 19; Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407, p. 18 (“carlistas colaboracionaistas”); Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporánea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, pp. 11, 43 (“carlismo colaboracionista”); Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 144 (“colaboracionistas” vs “anticolaboracionistas”). As a linguistic copy the term is accepted also in some foreign languages, see „collaborationists” in English, Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294, p. 294, or “kolaboracjoniści” in Polish, Jacek Bartyzel, “Don Carlos Marx”. Studium przypadku rewolucyjnej transgresji tradycjonalizmu w socjalizm w hiszpańskim karlizmie, [in:] Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia V/4 (2010), p. 68
  7. ^ Joan Maria Thomàs, La Falange de Franco: fascismo y fascistización en el régimen franquista, 1937-1945, Madrid 2001, ISBN 9788401530524, p. 328, also used systematically in his other works, like Joan Maria Thomàs, Franquistas contra franquistas: Luchas por el poder en la cúpula del régimen de Franco, Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788499926346, or Joan Maria Thomàs, José Antonio: Realidad y mito, Madrid 2017, ISBN 9788499927503
  8. ^ Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas, Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideológica del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha, Pamplona 1999, ISBN 9788460589327, p. 205
  9. ^ José Carlos Clemente, El Carlismo en la España de Franco: Bases Documentales 1936-1977, Madrid 1994, ISBN 9788424506704, p. 423
  10. ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 570
  11. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Franco: Anatomía de un genocida, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788494236501, p. 234, Tomás Urzainqui Mina, Llamamiento por una Navarra democrática, [in:] TomasUrzainqui service 03.02.10, available here; another spelling is „carlofalangistas”, see e.g. Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Respuesta a Jesús María Aragón Samanes, [in:] Noticias de Navarra 11.04.2014, available here; the term is also used across the blog of Fernando Mikelarena Peña, see ElBlogDeFernandoMikelarena service, available here; the term is usually intended as insult. A related term is “carlo-falangismo”, see e.g. Oriol Malló, Alfons Martí, En Tierra de Fariseos: Viaje a Las Fuentes Del Catalanismo Católico, Barcelona 2000, ISBN 9788423966363, p. 42
  12. ^ for usage among vehement Carlist foes see e.g. Clemente Bernad, Víctor Moreno, José Ramón Urtasun, Carlos Martínez, Fernando Mikelarena, Carolina Martínez, Ángel Zoco, Txema Aranaz, La consagración de la desmemoria, [in:] NuevaTribuna service 03.03.19, available here; however, also the Javierista Carlists resolved to "carlofascismo" insult, see Observaciones de un viejo carlista sobre las pretensiones de un Principe al trono de Espana, a 1948 pamphlet by Melchor Ferrer
  13. ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, p. 350
  14. ^ see e.g. discussion at Jose Maria Sentis Simeon, [in:] ForoDeDebate service, May 2016, available here
  15. ^ "enchufismo" usually stands for cronyism or favoritism; the term suggests that the individuals in question blended some Carlist sympathy with much stronger pursuit of personal gain, Ferrer 1948