Catatonia

Catatonia
Other names	Catatonic syndrome
A patient in catatonic stupor
Specialty	Psychiatry, neurology
Symptoms	Immobility, mutism, staring, posturing, rigidity, low consciousness, etc.
Complications	Physical trauma, malignant catatonia (autonomic instability, life-threatening), dehydration, pneumonia, pressure ulcers due to immobility, muscle contractions, deep vein thrombosis (DVT)[1] and pulmonary embolism (PE)[1]
Causes	Underlying illness (psychiatric, neurologic, or medical), brain injury/damage, certain drugs/medications
Diagnostic method	Clinical, lorazepam challenge
Treatment	Benzodiazepines (lorazepam challenge), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)[1]

Catatonia is a complex syndrome, most commonly seen in people with underlying mood (e.g major depressive disorder) or psychotic disorders (e.g schizophrenia).^[2][3] People with catatonia have abnormal movement and behaviors, which vary from person to person and fluctuate in intensity within a single episode.^[4] People with catatonia appear withdrawn, meaning that they do not interact with the outside world and have difficulty processing information.^[5] They may be nearly motionless for days on end or perform repetitive purposeless movements. Two people may exhibit very different sets of behaviors and both still be diagnosed with catatonia. Treatment with benzodiazepines or ECT are most effective and lead to remission of symptoms in most cases.^[3]

There are different subtypes of catatonia, which represent groups of symptoms that commonly occur together. These include stuporous/akinetic catatonia, excited catatonia, malignant catatonia, and periodic catatonia.^[6]

Catatonia has historically been related to schizophrenia (catatonic schizophrenia), but is most often seen in mood disorders.^[3] It is now known that catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may be observed in other mental, neurological, and medical conditions.