Chagatai Khanate

Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate, with contemporary polities circa 1300, before the expansion of the Timurid Empire into Transoxiana from 1363.[1]
The Chagatai Khanate, with contemporary polities circa 1300, before the expansion of the Timurid Empire into Transoxiana from 1363.[1]
The Chagatai Khanate and its neighbors in the late 13th century
The Chagatai Khanate and its neighbors in the late 13th century
Status
CapitalAlmaliq, Qarshi
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentSemi-elective monarchy, later hereditary monarchy
Khan 
• 1225–1242
Chagatai Khan
LegislatureKurultai
Historical eraLate Middle Ages
• Chagatai Khan inherited part of Mongol Empire
1227[7]
• Death of Chagatai
1242
• Chagatai Khanate split between west and east (Moghulistan)
1340s
• Western portion annexed by Timurid Empire
1363
• Moghulistan split into the Yarkent Khanate in the west and the Turpan Khanate in the east
1487
• Turpan Khanate disappeared
1660s
• Yarkent Khanate conquered by Dzungar Khanate
1705
• Disestablished
1347
Area
1310 or 1350 est.[8][9]3,500,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
CurrencyCoins (dirhams, Kebek, and pūl)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mongol Empire
Moghulistan
Western Chagatai Khanate
Timurid Empire
Yarkent Khanate
Dzungar Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus,[10] was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate[11][12] that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan,[13] second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty).[14]

Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan,[15] but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids. The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan, which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate. In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate. Finally, the Kumul Khanate, an autonomous division of China established during the Qing dynasty in 1696 and governed by descendants of Chagatai Khan, was abolished during the Republic of China in 1930, ending the dynasty.

  1. ^ Bentley, Jerry H. (2008). Traditions & encounters : a global perspective on the past. New York : McGraw-Hill. p. 471, map 18.2. ISBN 978-0-07-340693-0.
  2. ^ Black, Edwin (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 32–33. The administrative and bureaucratic language of towns and khanates was Persian. Whereas Persian was the dominant literary language of the area, Chagatai shared its distinction by being the only Turkic literary language in Central Asia from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.
  3. ^ Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China. BRILL. p. 156. ISBN 978-90-04-30894-7.
  4. ^ Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-107-06722-6. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  5. ^ Roemer, p.43
  6. ^ Black 1991, p. 33.
  7. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 328.
  8. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  9. ^ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 499. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
  10. ^ Frederik Coene (2009). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1135203023.
  11. ^ Black, Cyril E.; Dupree, Louis; Endicott-West, Elizabeth; Matuszewski, Daniel C.; Naby, Eden; Waldron, Arthur N. (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-315-48899-8. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  12. ^ Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim; Cassar, George H.; Goff, Richard D. (2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-133-38707-7. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. ^ Alternative spellings of Chagatai include Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai, Chaghtai etc.
  14. ^ See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127; Historical Maps on File, p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.
  15. ^ Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178