 Bowls of shubat (left), beverage of fermented camel milk, and kumis (right), beverage made from fermented mare's milk | |
| Alternative names | Shubat |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan |
| Main ingredients | Camel milk |
Chal, also shubat or khoormog (Kazakh: шұбат, şūbat, pronounced [ʂo̙bɑt], Mongolian: хоормог, khoormog, pronounced [χɔ̙ːrmɞ̙k]), is a Turkic (especially Turkmen, Uzbek and Kazakh) and Mongolic beverage of fermented camel milk, sparkling white with a sour flavor, popular in Central Asia — particularly in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.[1][2] In Kazakhstan the drink is known as shubat, and is a staple summer food.[3] Due to preparation requirements and perishable nature, chal has proved difficult to export.[4] Agaran (fermented cream) is collected from the surface of chal.[5]
- ^ Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov (15 May 1994). Nomads and the outside world (2nd ed.). Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1.
- ^ Alhadrami, G.A.; Faye, Bernard (2016). "Animals that produce dairy foods: Camel". Reference module in food sciences. Elsevier.
- ^ Aliya Meldebekova; Gaukhar Konuspayeva; Emilie Diacono; Bernard Faye (2008). "Heavy Metals and Trace Elements Content in Camel Milk and Shubat from Kazakhstan". In Yuriy Sinyavskiy; Bernard Faye (eds.). Impact of Pollution on Animal Products (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security). Berlin: Springer. pp. 117–123. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8359-4. ISBN 978-1-4020-8357-0.
- ^ "Great Culinary Dictionary. Chal in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper, in Russian, August 9, 2001 Archived November 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.